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The Rochester Conferences on Coherence and Quantum Optics and the Quantum Information and Measurement meeting

Fully Tunable Photonic Structures In Homogeneous Absorbing Media.

M. Artoni, Giuseppe Carlo La Rocca

Published Jan 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Resonantly absorbing media supporting electromagnetically induced transparency may give rise to specific periodic patterns where a light probe is found to experience a fully developed photonic band-gap yet with negligible absorption everywhere. Accurate and efficient coherent optical control of the gap can be accomplished while the remarkable experimental simplicity of the control scheme would ease quantum nonlinear optics applications.

DOI
10.1364/cqo.2007.csua48

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Resonantly absorbing media supporting electromagnetically induced transparency may give rise to specific periodic patterns where a light probe is found to experience a fully developed photonic band-gap yet with negligible absorption everywhere. Accurate and efficient coherent optical control of the gap can be accomplished while the remarkable experimental simplicity of the control scheme would ease quantum nonlinear optics applications.
Resonantly absorbing media supporting electromagnetically induced transparency may give rise to specific periodic patterns where a light probe is found to experience a fully developed photonic band gap yet with negligible absorption everywhere. In ultracold atomic samples the gap is found to arise from spatial regions where Autler-Townes splitting and electromagnetically induced transparency alternate with one another and detailed calculations show that accurate and efficient coherent optical control of the gap can be accomplished. The remarkable experimental simplicity of the control scheme would ease quantum nonlinear optics applications.
We illustrate a mechanism based on coherent optical nonlinearities to realize optically tunable photonic crystals built from media supporting electromagnetically induced transparency. These exhibit specific periodic patterns where a light probe can experience a fully developed photonic band-gap with negligible absorption. An analytical method based on a two-mode approximation is developed to study the optical response of such a periodically modulated medium driven into a regime of standing-wave electromagnetically induced transparency. A comparison with a transfer matrix approach and with techniques based on the coupled Maxwell–Liouville equations shows that our method is very accurate to describe the optical properties of such photonic metamaterials in the frequency region of interest. Nearly perfect reflectivities may be attained for ultracold 87Rb atoms samples which are seen to reflect with little loss and deformation light pulses whose frequency components are contained within the gap. When the same mechanism is implemented for inhomogeneously broadened optical transitions of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, which is more amenable to device applications, fully developed photonic band-gap structures with negligible absorption, reflectivities very close to unity and sufficiently large bandwidths may also be attained. We further examine more flexible schemes based on four level systems under double driving conditions showing more accurate and efficient coherent optical control of the photonic band-gap. The remarkable experimental simplicity of the schemes that we presented is set to ease quantum nonlinear optics applications.
An optical lattice loaded with cold atoms can exhibit a tunable photonic band gap for a weak probe field under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. This system possesses a number of advantageous properties, including reduced relaxation of Raman coherence and the associated probe absorption, and simultaneous enhancement of the index modulation and the resulting reflectivity of the medium. This flexible system has the potential to serve as a test bed for various designs of linear and nonlinear photonic band gap materials at very low light level and can be employed to realize deterministic entanglement between weak quantum fields.
Inhomogeneously broadened doped solids supporting electromagnetically induced transparency are viable materials where optically tunable photonic band gaps may be observed and results are shown for Pr:YSO and nitrogen-vacancy color center materials. Such crystals, when coherently driven by a strong pump beam in a suitably designed standing wave configuration, exhibit a tunable stop-band with rather different values of the reflectivity. The different propagating behavior is investigated and characterized for a weak probe across the gap region of the two materials.
The resonant absorption, emission, and scattering of light are the fundamental optical processes that have been used both to probe matter and to manipulate light itself. In the last decade there has been essential progress in coherent control of both linear and nonlinear optical responses based on resonant excitation of atomic coherence in multilevel quantum systems. Some interesting and useful phenomena, resulting from coherent control of absorption and the group index, such as electromagnetically induced transparency, lasing without inversion, and ultra-slow group velocity of light have been widely studied. This work is focused on coherent control of refractive index and resonant fluorescence in multilevel medium. \n \nWe suggest two promising schemes for resonant enhancement of the refractive index with eliminated absorption and propose their implementation in transition element doped crystals with excited state absorption and in a cell of Rb atoms at natural abundance. We show how to use one of these schemes for spatial variation of the refractive index via its periodic resonant increase/decrease, remarkably keeping at the same time zero absorption/gain. It opens the way to production of transparent photonic structures (such as distributed Bragg reflectors, holey fibers, or photonic crystals) in a homogeneous resonant atomic media such as dielectrics with homogeneously distributed impurities, atomic, or molecular gases. These optically produced photonic structures could easily be controlled (including switching on/off, changing amplitude and period of modulation) and would be highly selective in frequency, naturally limited by the width of the optical resonance. \n \nWe also derive the optical fluorescence spectra of a three-level medium driven by two coherent fields at the adjacent transitions in a general case when all three transitions are allowed. We show that coherent driving can efficiently control the distribution of intensities between the fluorescent channels. In particular, the total intensity of fluorescence at the transition which is not driven by the optical fields may essentially exceed the fluorescence intensity at the driven transitions under the condition of two-photon resonance. This counter-intuitive effect is due to depletion of the intermediate state via atomic interference.
Inhomogeneously broadened optical transitions of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond may be employed to attain fully developed photonic band-gap structures with negligible absorption via coherent optical nonlinearities. For realistic material parameters, the resulting band gap may be tuned via the coupling field to acquire reflectivities very close to unity and sufficiently large bandwidths. We anticipate that this can be used to optically control with remarkable experimental simplicity the reflected and transmitted parts of an incident light pulse.