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Electronics Letters

Portable true random number generator for personal encryption application based on smartphone camera

Xuping Zhang, Li Qi, Zhiqiang Tang, Yixin Zhang

Published Nov 1, 2014• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The true random number generator (TRNG) is an invaluable resource for many applications. Present TRNG methods all require specialised and expensive hardware, which are not suitable for personal use. A portable TRNG configuration is proposed, which is simply based on the camera of a commercial smartphone. No other auxiliary equipment except the mobile phone itself was needed, which offers a promising solution for personal encryption applications. With the flash lamp of the camera and the thumb of the operator, quasi‐uniform illumination was obtained, setting the image sensor at a working point where the shot noise of the photocurrent dominates the overall characteristics of the sensor output noise. Random bits were first produced according to the shot noise and then entropy enhanced by vector–matrix multiplication. A sequence of 10 9 bits was produced and its randomness has been proved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests.

DOI
10.1049/el.2014.2870

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anonymous

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The true random number generator (TRNG) is an invaluable resource for many applications. Present TRNG methods all require specialised and expensive hardware, which are not suitable for personal use. A portable TRNG configuration is proposed, which is simply based on the camera of a commercial smartphone. No other auxiliary equipment except the mobile phone itself was needed, which offers a promising solution for personal encryption applications. With the flash lamp of the camera and the thumb of the operator, quasi‐uniform illumination was obtained, setting the image sensor at a working point where the shot noise of the photocurrent dominates the overall characteristics of the sensor output noise. Random bits were first produced according to the shot noise and then entropy enhanced by vector–matrix multiplication. A sequence of 10 9 bits was produced and its randomness has been proved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests.
The pursuit of hardware-based security solutions has highlighted the true random number generator (TRNG). Various physical phenomena, from noise generation to quantum physics complexities, have been explored for random number generation. The arc discharge light-induced TRNG (ALTRNG) is introduced, featuring wavelength-dependent photocurrent generation and arc discharge irradiation. A bipolar photo-responsive photodetector (BPPD) differentiates "1" and "0" states, producing highly random bits validated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 15 tests. The BPPD's response to deep-ultraviolet (DUV) and blue light enables distinct photocurrent generation under arc discharge illumination. The ALTRNG generates true random signals, yielding bit streams with unpredictability, uniform distribution, and stability. With a readout circuit achieving 2-kbps, wireless random number transmission is demonstrated, highlighting potential for secure password systems and artificial X-ray image generation.
equipment is needed except the smartphone itself.Back in my PhD days, working on microstructure imaging, our group confi rmed by experiment that in certain conditions, shot noise other than thermal noise can dominate the overall noise characteristics of a high-sensitivity CCD image sensor.Commonly speaking, shot noise of photocurrent is believed to be a quantum process and true random number could be generated accordingly.However, the performance of image sensors on smartphones were not as good then.Two or three years later, I saw a picture taken by my colleague's latest phone, and thought maybe it was time to realise the portable TRNG with smartphone camera.
This paper presents a lightweight true random number generator (TRNG) using beta radiation that is useful for Internet of Things (IoT) security. In general, a random number generator (RNG) is required for all secure communication devices because random numbers are needed to generate encryption keys. Most RNGs are computer algorithms and use physical noise as their seed. However, it is difficult to obtain physical noise in small IoT devices. Since IoT security functions are required in almost all countries, IoT devices must be equipped with security algorithms that can pass the cryptographic module validation programs of each country. In this regard, it is very cumbersome to embed security algorithms, random number generation algorithms, and even physical noise sources in small IoT devices. Therefore, this paper introduces a lightweight TRNG comprising a thin-film beta-radiation source and integrated circuits (ICs). Although the ICs are currently being designed, the IC design was functionally verified at the board level. Our random numbers are output from a verification board and tested according to National Institute of Standards and Technology standards.
Wireless networks need more security in comparison to the other networks due to their intrinsic vulnerabilities to possible attacks. It is expected that by using a distributed method for true random number generators (TRNG) in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and wireless LAN (WLAN) randomness quality of generated numbers can be enhanced. We analyze a protocol for a distributed TRNG named ScatterLight (L. R. Giuseppe, M. Fabrizio and O. Marco, 2011) for a WSN. After making some changes on ScatterLight structure and physical data sources, the Enhanced ScatterLight protocol is introduced; it provides secure and high qualified true random numbers. Thus, the quality of randomness of obtained random numbers using National Institute of Standards and Technology tests is evaluated. Finally, by analyzing the results, it can be conducted that Enhanced ScatterLight protocol in comparisons with ScatterLight protocol in WLAN and LAN provides 60% and 53% better randomness quality respectively, while the performance is equal in both protocols.
True Random Number Generator In article number 2419579, Hocheon Yoo and co-workers present arc discharge light-induced true random number generator (ALTRNG), using a bipolar photo-responsive photodetector to generate random bits through unpredictable arc discharge illumination. Validated by 15 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests, ALTRNG produces highly random bit streams and, with a 2-kbps readout circuit, enables wireless random number transmission for secure password systems and artificial X-ray imaging.
True random number generators (TRNGs) are the fundamental building blocks for encryption. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) prepared based on stochastic processes, with the advantages of being impossible to imitate and tamper with, are a new source for generating high-quality random numbers. However, most proposed PUFs form a fixed structure after preparation; the as-generated random number sequence is thus fixed. In this article, a reconfigurable optical PUF/TRNG is fabricated by utilizing the phase change properties of the disordered Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) nanocrystalline film. By heating and holding the GST film, its crystallization ratio can be manipulated, generating multiple sets of uncorrelated speckle patterns, which can be converted into multiple random arrays by binary digitization. The random array was verified to have good randomness by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) randomness test and the DIEHARD(ER) test suites. The proposed true random number generator can be used as a secret key to complete authentication or encryption with high security and high stability.