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Optical Fiber Communication Conference

Nonlinear wave mixing and dynamically controlled gratings in EDFAs

J.L. Zyskind, James W. Sulhoff, Baruch Fischer, David J. DiGiovanni

Published Jan 1, 1994• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are active fibers that can be used to generate strong nonlinearities, such as wave mixing. We consider gratings induced in the excited-state population of erbium ions, which can produce strong coupling effects. We report two- and four-wave mixing in EDFAs and a coupled-wave analysis useful in understanding these effects.

DOI
10.1364/ofc.1994.thf5

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 10, 2011•0 citations
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are active fibers that can be used to generate strong nonlinearities, such as wave mixing. We consider gratings induced in the excited-state population of erbium ions, which can produce strong coupling effects. We report two- and four-wave mixing in EDFAs and a coupled-wave analysis useful in understanding these effects.
"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."
Strong interest in heavily doped erbium-doped waveguides1 and in the applications of heavily doped erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) in lasers has resulted in several recent studies of collective processes in erbium ions. Rapid cross relaxation within a fraction of clustered ions, called pair-induced quenching (PIQ), has been identified as the main cause of EDF performance degradation.2-4 To date, studies on the dependence of EDF performance on ion concentration have been focused on pair/cluster-induced nonsaturable absorption of EDFs,2 which leads to the reduced quantum efficiency (QE) of EDF lasers.4 Recently, detailed theoretical analysis of the effect of PIQ on the performance of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) has also been reported.4
We develop a theoretical model describing the mutual amplification of two counter-propagating monochromatic waves in a rare-earth-doped fiber amplifier. It is shown that the interference between the waves forms a dynamic population inversion grating within the active fiber core, which, in turn, mediates a nonlinear coupling between the waves. This coupling enables energy transfer from one optical wave to the other, leading to preferential amplification of one of them at the expense of the opposite-propagating field. The phenomenon occurs in both pumped and unpumped active fibers provided there exists a nonzero difference in the polarizabilities of the dopant ions in their ground and excited states. Such dynamical interactions can substantially modify the local gain profile and open a pathway to novel optical amplification regimes.
Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.
In this paper we analyze the influence of a spatial migration of the excited states on suppression of the population gratings recorded in erbium-doped optical fibers (EDF). Such dynamic Bragg gratings are formed via saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ions and are observed experimentally via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. The reported experiments were performed in the spectral range 1492-1568nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2→4I13/2 of Er3+ ions. Significantly stronger grating suppression is observed at the central/long-wavelength regions of the above-mentioned spectral region. A set of similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm was investigated and a clear concentration dependence of the grating suppression was observed. The TWM measurements are supported by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization. The observed spectral dependence of the grating reduction factor is explained using the model of the vacant states limited spatial migration of the excitation among the Er3+ ions.