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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Dynamic population gratings in highly doped erbium fibers

Sonia Melle, Óscar G. Calderón, Zhong Chang Zhuo, M. A. Antón, F. Carreño

Published Jun 6, 2011• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The efficiency of the dynamic population gratings recorded in highly doped erbium fibers has been studied. We find that the grating response increases with optical density, although the presence of erbium ion pairs in fibers with ion density of the order of 6.3×1025 m−3 degrades the grating efficiency. The experimental results have been reproduced including inhomogeneous upconversion processes in the nonlinear coupled-wave equations.

DOI
10.1364/josab.28.001631

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In this paper we analyze the influence of a spatial migration of the excited states on suppression of the population gratings recorded in erbium-doped optical fibers (EDF). Such dynamic Bragg gratings are formed via saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ions and are observed experimentally via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. The reported experiments were performed in the spectral range 1492-1568nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2→4I13/2 of Er3+ ions. Significantly stronger grating suppression is observed at the central/long-wavelength regions of the above-mentioned spectral region. A set of similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm was investigated and a clear concentration dependence of the grating suppression was observed. The TWM measurements are supported by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization. The observed spectral dependence of the grating reduction factor is explained using the model of the vacant states limited spatial migration of the excitation among the Er3+ ions.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 10, 2011•0 citations
The efficiency of the dynamic population gratings recorded in highly doped erbium fibers has been studied. We find that the grating response increases with optical density, although the presence of erbium ion pairs in fibers with ion density of the order of 6.3×1025 m−3 degrades the grating efficiency. The experimental results have been reproduced including inhomogeneous upconversion processes in the nonlinear coupled-wave equations.
"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."
Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.
The influence of spatial migration of excitation among neighboring Er3+ ions on the dynamics of population grating formation in Er-doped optical fibers is reported. The effect manifests itself in an additional increment in the grating formation rate compared with the fluorescence growth rate observed for the same spatially uniform average light power. The experiments, performed at lambda=1549 nm in the configuration of transient two-wave mixing with two similar single-mode Er-doped fibers with significantly different erbium concentrations (approximately 640 and approximately 5600 parts in 10(6)), demonstrated the essential contribution of this effect to the grating formation rate in the latter fiber. The evaluated diffusion coefficient proved to be approximately 2.3 x 10(-9) cm2/s, which ensures effective migration of the excitation by approximately 48 nm, i.e., by approximately 18 average inter-ion distances in this fiber.
In this paper we analyze the influence of a spatial migration of the excited states on suppression of the population gratings recorded in erbium-doped optical fibers (EDF). Such dynamic Bragg gratings are formed via saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ions and are observed experimentally via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. The reported experiments were performed in the spectral range 1492-1568nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2→4I13/2 of Er3+ ions. Significantly stronger grating suppression is observed at the central/long-wavelength regions of the above-mentioned spectral region. A set of similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm was investigated and a clear concentration dependence of the grating suppression was observed. The TWM measurements are supported by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization. The observed spectral dependence of the grating reduction factor is explained using the model of the vacant states limited spatial migration of the excitation among the Er3+ ions.