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International Journal of the Physical Sciences

Secure quantum dialogue using entanglement swapping

Mosayeb Naseri

Published Jul 12, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this study, a protocol for secure quantum dialogue using entanglement swapping was proposed. The protocol employs two independent communication channels, a classical channel and a quantum channel. In this scheme, the legitimate communicators Alice and Bob can pass the authentication by the classical trusted channel. Afterwards, a quantum channel sequence is provided for them, on which Alice and Bob can communicate with each other directly and privately by virtue of some encoding operations. The first advantage of our protocol is that different from the previews protocols, in the proposed protocol, the server of the quantum channel, Charlie, is not necessarily trusted. The other highlight of our protocol is that in the presented scheme, one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.   Key words: Quantum secure direct communication, entanglement swapping, quantum dialogue.

DOI
10.5897/ijps12.297

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In this study, a protocol for secure quantum dialogue using entanglement swapping was proposed. The protocol employs two independent communication channels, a classical channel and a quantum channel. In this scheme, the legitimate communicators Alice and Bob can pass the authentication by the classical trusted channel. Afterwards, a quantum channel sequence is provided for them, on which Alice and Bob can communicate with each other directly and privately by virtue of some encoding operations. The first advantage of our protocol is that different from the previews protocols, in the proposed protocol, the server of the quantum channel, Charlie, is not necessarily trusted. The other highlight of our protocol is that in the presented scheme, one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.
 

Key words: Quantum secure direct communication, entanglement swapping, quantum dialogue.
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particle sequences according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. By both Alice and Bob's GHZ state measurement results, Bob is able to read out the encoded secret messages directly. The protocol is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used, because there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel.
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particles sequence according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. By both Alice and Bob's GHZ state measurement results, Bob is able to read out the encoded secret messages directly. The protocol is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used, because there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel.
An efficient practical feasible protocol for quantum secure dialogue by using single photons is proposed. Comparing with the previous protocols, in the proposed protocol, no classical message has to exchanged during the decoding of the secret messages, so the present scheme is not only overcome the drawback “information leakage”, it possesses the characters of security and maximum efficiency. The other highlight of our protocol is that, in this method one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.
A deterministic direct quantum communication protocol by using swapping quantum entanglement and local unitary operations is proposed in this paper. A set of ordered EPR pairs in one of the four Bell states is used. For each pair, each of the two legitimate users owns a photon of the entangled pair via quantum channel. The pairs are divided into two types of group, i.e., the checking groups and the encoding-decoding groups. In the checking groups, taking advantage of the swapping quantum entanglement and Alice's (the message sender's) public announcement, the eavesdropping can be detected provided that the number of the checking groups is big enough. After insuring the security of the quantum channel, Alice encodes her bits via the local unitary operations on the encoding-decoding groups. Then she performs her Bell measurements on her photons and publicly announces her measurement results. After her announcement, the message receiver Bob performs his Bell measurements on his photons and directly extracts the encoding bits by using the property of the quantum entanglement swapping. The security of the present scheme is also discussed: under the attack scenarios to our best knowledge, the scheme is secure.
An efficient protocol for quantum secure dialogue by using single photons is proposed. Comparing with the previous protocols, in the proposed protocol, no classical message has been exchanged during the decoding of the secret messages, so the present scheme has not only overcome the drawback "information leakage" or "classical correlation" but also it possesses the characters of security and maximum efficiency. The other highlight of our protocol is that, in this method one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.
Consider in an asymmetric scenario that Alice and Bob wish to communicate unequal amount of classical information, we propose an asymmetric quantum dialogue (QD) protocol based on the entanglement swapping between two-qubit bell state and four-qubit cluster state. In this scheme, assume that there are two legitimate participants Alice and Bob. In a dialogue, the information that is delivered by Alice to Bob is twice the amount of her information obtained from Bob. The analysis demonstrates that our protocol is efficient and can meet the requirements of unequal amount of information transmission in a real communication scenario. Moreover, we discuss the security of this protocol and it demonstrates that our protocol could resist an external attack.