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Chinese Journal of Computers

The QCircuit-Based Simulation and Analysis of Eavesdropping of BB84 QKD Protocol

Songfeng Lu, Ying Chen, Yong-Kang Xu, He-Ping HU, You-Qiao ZHAO

Published May 19, 2011• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.3724/sp.j.1016.2011.00229

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an innovative approach for secure communication by utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics. Among various QKD protocols, the BB84 protocol remains the most widely studied and implemented due to its simplicity and theoretical security guarantees. However, practical implementations of BB84 are vulnerable to several eavesdropping attacks and channel imperfections. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the detection and analysis of eavesdropping attacks in the BB84 protocol. The work focuses on common attacks such as intercept-resend attack, photon-number splitting attack, Trojan horse attack, and phase-covariant cloning attack. The effect of these attacks on Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) is analyzed in detail. Simulation-based observations are discussed to demonstrate how QBER increases under malicious interference. The study further explores statistical methods for detecting eavesdropping and examines practical countermeasures including decoy states, privacy amplification, and error correction techniques. The paper concludes that BB84 remains robust against eavesdropping when proper detection and mitigation mechanisms are employed.
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This paper focuses on the implementation and comparative analysis of two widely studied QKD protocols. The BB84 and E91 protocols are security measures that were devised back in the 1980s and 90s by experts like Charles Bennett and Ekaterina S. Ekert. This paper demonstrates with Qiskit protocol implementation documentation and simulation results together with extensive security analysis how BB84 and E91 protocols can be utilized through an open-source quantum computing framework developed by IBM. This paper aims to examine the BB84 and E91 protocol resistance to eavesdropping invasions while testing their performance across different communication ranges. We utilize quantum superposition to encode information into qubits during BB84 protocol implementation which allows us to simulate an intercept-resend attack to determine its vulnerability. Research shows that BB84 provides simpler execution yet suffers from more eavesdropping attacks especially at extended distances through increased error rates from interception methods. E91 protocol achieves detection of eavesdropping by distributing entangled qubits between two parties so measurements of those qubits reveal tampering through their outcome correlations. Our experimental findings confirm that E91 delivers enhanced security capabilities through its ability to keep errors minimal across longer distances thus demonstrating resistance against distance-related threats. The comparative analysis underscores the strengths and limitations of each protocol. BB84, despite its simplicity and ease of implementation, shows diminished security over longer distances. E91, which uses the non-local properties of entangled qubits, offers enhanced protection for long-distance communication, making it a more practical choice for robust QKD systems.