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Acta Physica Sinica

Quantum secret sharing with bidirectional authentication

Sun Ying, Du Jian-Zhong, Qin Su-Juan, Wen Qiao-yan, Fu-Chen Zhu, (1)北京邮电大学理学院，北京 100876; (2)北京邮电大学网络与交换技术国家重点实验室，北京 100876；北京邮电大学理学院，北京 100876; (3)现代通信国家重点实验室，成都 610041

Published Jan 1, 2008• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum secret sharing scheme with two-way authentication was proposed and discussed. Based on two-particle quantum entanglement, the scheme is implemented using the Hash function and the quantum local operations. The authentication keys and the secret order of transmitted particles ensure the security of the scheme. One Bell state can be used to share two classical bits on average if the particles for authentication and eavesdropping detection are not concernred.

DOI
10.7498/aps.57.4689

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KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems•Jul 31, 2020•4 citations
A quantum secret sharing scheme with two-way authentication was proposed and discussed. Based on two-particle quantum entanglement, the scheme is implemented using the Hash function and the quantum local operations. The authentication keys and the secret order of transmitted particles ensure the security of the scheme. One Bell state can be used to share two classical bits on average if the particles for authentication and eavesdropping detection are not concernred.
Utilizing the advantage of Bell state,a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol with authentication is put forward.In the protocol,the deal encodes two classical bits of secret message on the quantum carrier though performing local unitary operation.He splits the secret message into n shares and then distributes them to n agents via entanglement swapping.Each agent makes a Bell state measurement on the particles in his hand,and obtains his piece of secret according to the measurement result.In the process of reconstruction,these n agents declare respectively their pieces of secret,and recover the secret message if and only if they collaborate.At the same time,combining the technology of Hash function,the identities of the deal and the agents are authenticated.Hence,one main goal of designing the presented protocol,two-way authentication,is achieved.Moreover,we analyze the security and authentication of the presented protocol in detail.It is shown that this protocol can stand against the attacks of outside eavesdropper and inside participant,which means that it is secure in theory.In addition,since the Bell state was used at most,as compared with other quantum secret sharing protocols,the implementation of the presented protocol is more feasible in the current technical conditions.
To improve the efficiency of quantum secret sharing, a protocol share the message directly among the users was proposed. The scheme made full use of entanglement swapping of Bell states and local operations. For detection of eavesdropping, the EPR pairs were divided into two parts: the checking parts and the encoding parts. After insuring the security of the quantum channel by measuring the checking particles in conjugate bases, the sender encoded her bits via the local unitary operations on the encoding parts. Investigation shows that the protocol is secure and two Bell states can be used to share two bits message.
In response to the demand for identity authentication in quantum secure direct communication, this paper proposes a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on a mixture of single photon and Bell state, by combining the bidirectional identity authentication. Before communication begins, both parties share a series of secret information to prepare a series of single photon and Bell state particles. Encoding four single photons and four Bell states yields eight types of encoded information, followed by identity authentication. The first step in identity authentication is to use a single photon to verify the legitimacy of the receiver. If the error exceeds the given threshold, it indicates the presence of eavesdropping. Otherwise, the channel is safe. Then, Bell state particles are used to verify the legitimacy of the sender, and the threshold is also used to determine whether there is eavesdropping. The present method is the same as previous one. If the error rate is higher than the given threshold, it indicates the existence of third-party eavesdropping. Otherwise, it indicates that the channel is secure. As for the specific verification method, it will be explained in detail in the article. Afterwards, Bell state particles are mixed with a single photon as a transmission carrier, and eavesdropping detection particles are added whenever the quantum state is sent. However, once the eavesdropper intercepts the transmitted particles, owing to incomplete information obtained, the eavesdropper is unable to recover the original information, and the eavesdropping behavior will be immediately detected, thus terminating communication. In this scheme, single photon and Bell states are fully utilized, and hybrid communication can effectively improve transmission efficiency, encoding capability, and quantum bit utilization. Security analysis shows that this scheme can resist common external and internal attacks such as interception/measurement replay attacks, auxiliary particle attacks, and identity impersonation attacks. The analysis of efficiency and encoding capacity shows that the transmission efficiency of this scheme is 1, the encoding capacity is 3 bits per state, and the quantum bit utilization rate is 1. Compared with other schemes, this scheme has significant advantages because it uses different particles for bidirectional authentication, making it more difficult for attackers to crack, and thus it has higher security than traditional schemes.
Based on the teleportation by quantum walk, a quantum secret sharing scheme with credible authentication is proposed.Using the Hash function and quantum local operation, combined with the two-step quantum walks circuit on the line, the identity authentication and the teleportation of the secret information in distribution phase are realized.Participants collaborate honestly to recover secret information based on particle measurement results, preventing untrusted agents and external attacks from obtaining useful information.Due to the application of quantum walk, the sender does not need to prepare the necessary entangled state in advance, simply encodes the information to be sent in the coin state, and applies the conditional shift operator between the coin space and the position space to produce the entangled state necessary for quantum teleportation.Security analysis shows that the protocol can effectively resist intercept/resend attacks, entanglement attacks, participant attacks, and impersonation attacks.In addition, the quantum walk circuit used has been implemented in many different physical systems and experiments, so this quantum secret sharing scheme may be achievable in the future.