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Quantum-Atom Optics Downunder (QAO)

Quantum Dynamics and Polarisation Squeezing of Ultrashort Pulses in Optical Fibre

Joel Frederick Corney, P. D. Drummond, J. Heersink, Ruifang Dong, Gerd Leuchs, Ulrik L. Andersen

Published Jan 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Comparing stochastic simulations and experimental measurements, we study the quantum dynamics of polarisation squeezing in optical fibres. Squeezing of -6.8 dB is measured, with Raman effects limiting squeezing for higher pulse energies and longer fibres. Depolarising GAWBS phase-noise adversely affects squeezing at low pulse energies. Third-order dispersion is also accounted for in the simulations, and this has an effect on pulses with more than the soliton energy. We theoretically determine the optimal pulse energy and fibre length for the best squeezing.

DOI
10.1364/qao.2007.qwe1

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Comparing stochastic simulations and experimental measurements, we study the quantum dynamics of polarisation squeezing in optical fibres. Squeezing of -6.8 dB is measured, with Raman effects limiting squeezing for higher pulse energies and longer fibres. Depolarising GAWBS phase-noise adversely affects squeezing at low pulse energies. Third-order dispersion is also accounted for in the simulations, and this has an effect on pulses with more than the soliton energy. We theoretically determine the optimal pulse energy and fibre length for the best squeezing.
We investigate polarization squeezing of ultrashort pulses in optical fiber, over a wide range of input energies and fiber lengths. Comparisons are made between experimental data and quantum dynamical simulations to find good quantitative agreement. The numerical calculations, performed using both truncated Wigner and exact +P+P+P phase-space methods, include nonlinear and stochastic Raman effects, through coupling to phonon variables. The simulations reveal that excess phase noise, such as from depolarizing guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering, affects squeezing at low input energies, while Raman effects cause a marked deterioration of squeezing at higher energies and longer fiber lengths. We also calculate the optimum fiber length for maximum squeezing.
A source of quantum noise in a non-linear optical medium is the coupling of photons with thermal phonons, called the Raman effect. This noise source sets the lower limit of squeezing in the polarisation variables for ultrashort pulses. Increasing the soliton pulse width reduces the coupling between photons and phonons by decreasing the overlap of the pulse spectrum and the Raman frequency response, which is specific to the medium. We investigate the dependence of squeezing on the soliton pulse width, to determine if improvements in squeezing result from longer pulses. We numerically solve a stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with extra nonlinear terms for Raman effect (derived within the truncated Wigner approach), for a 3M FS-PM 7811 silica fibre using the pde solver XMDS 2.0. Computational efficiency was improved by use of a single-Lorentzian approximation for the Raman gain profile. Results show that squeezing can be improved for longer pulse widths. However, there is a tradeoff between the Raman effects and the classical phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.
Polarisation squeezing in optical fibres is an efficient means of producing highly squeezed light. Because the experiments operate in a very nonclassical regime, the results are very sensitive to additional nonlinear and thermal effects in the fibre. To quantitatively characterise such experiments, we perform first-principles, quantum dynamical simulations of intense, ultrashort pulses in a fibre, including all significant quantum and thermal noise. We compare simulation and experiments to find excellent agreement over a wide range of pulse energies and fibre lengths.
A source of quantum noise in a non-linear optical medium is the coupling of photons with thermal phonons, called the Raman effect. This noise source sets the lower limit of squeezing in the polarisation variables for ultrashort pulses. Increasing the soliton pulse width reduces the coupling between photons and phonons by decreasing the overlap of the pulse spectrum and the Raman frequency response, which is specific to the medium. We investigate the dependence of squeezing on the soliton pulse width, to determine if improvements in squeezing result from longer pulses. We numerically solve a stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with extra nonlinear terms for Raman effect (derived within the truncated Wigner approach), for a 3M FS-PM7811 silica fibre using the pde solver XMDS 2.0. Computational efficiency was improved by use of a single-Lorentzian approximation for the Raman gain profile. Results show that squeezing can be improved for longer pulse widths. However, there is a tradeoff between the Raman effects and the classical phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.
This thesis presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibre. Squeezing is the reduction of quantum noise in one variable beyond the Heisenberg limit at the expense of increased noise in the conjugate. The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibres leads to a greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fibre. There are two dominant noise sources that limit the degree of polarisation squeezing. Raman noise is the interaction of photons with phonons in the fibre medium the degree of which is characteristic of the fibre medium and scales inversely with pulse width. And guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering is due to thermally excited mechanical eigenmodes which scales with fibre length. The larger nonlinearity of photonic crystal fibres allows shorter fibre lengths with larger pulse widths providing a means to significantly reduce the dominant noise sources and obtain polarisation squeezing beyond that of ordinary silica fibre. This thesis presents an extensive quantum treatment using the truncated Wigner method that includes loss, a non-instantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third- order dispersion and self-steepening to identify the physical factors that limit current photonic crystal fibre squeezing experiments and demonstrate the optimal parameters to obtain the best squeezing.
Broadband quantum noise suppression of light is required for many applications, including detection of gravitational waves, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Here, using numerical simulations, we investigate the possibility of polarization squeezing of ultrashort soliton pulses in an optical fiber with an enlarged mode field area, such as large-mode area or multicore fibers (to scale up the pulse energy). Our model includes the second-order dispersion, Kerr and Raman effects, quantum noise, and optical losses. In simulations, we switch on and switch off Raman effects and losses to find their contribution to squeezing of optical pulses with different durations (0.1–1 ps). For longer solitons, the peak power is lower and a longer fiber is required to attain the same squeezing as for shorter solitons, when Raman effects and losses are neglected. In the full model, we demonstrate optimal pulse duration (~0.4 ps) since losses limit squeezing of longer pulses and Raman effects limit squeezing of shorter pulses.