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Optical Squeezing of Light in Photonic Crystal Fibres

M. Tacey

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This thesis presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibre. Squeezing is the reduction of quantum noise in one variable beyond the Heisenberg limit at the expense of increased noise in the conjugate. The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibres leads to a greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fibre. There are two dominant noise sources that limit the degree of polarisation squeezing. Raman noise is the interaction of photons with phonons in the fibre medium the degree of which is characteristic of the fibre medium and scales inversely with pulse width. And guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering is due to thermally excited mechanical eigenmodes which scales with fibre length. The larger nonlinearity of photonic crystal fibres allows shorter fibre lengths with larger pulse widths providing a means to significantly reduce the dominant noise sources and obtain polarisation squeezing beyond that of ordinary silica fibre. This thesis presents an extensive quantum treatment using the truncated Wigner method that includes loss, a non-instantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third- order dispersion and self-steepening to identify the physical factors that limit current photonic crystal fibre squeezing experiments and demonstrate the optimal parameters to obtain the best squeezing.

DOI
10.14264/uql.2014.262

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This thesis presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibre. Squeezing is the reduction of quantum noise in one variable beyond the Heisenberg limit at the expense of increased noise in the conjugate. The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibres leads to a greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fibre. There are two dominant noise sources that limit the degree of polarisation squeezing. Raman noise is the interaction of photons with phonons in the fibre medium the degree of which is characteristic of the fibre medium and scales inversely with pulse width. And guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering is due to thermally excited mechanical eigenmodes which scales with fibre length. The larger nonlinearity of photonic crystal fibres allows shorter fibre lengths with larger pulse widths providing a means to significantly reduce the dominant noise sources and obtain polarisation squeezing beyond that of ordinary silica fibre. This thesis presents an extensive quantum treatment using the truncated Wigner method that includes loss, a non-instantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third- order dispersion and self-steepening to identify the physical factors that limit current photonic crystal fibre squeezing experiments and demonstrate the optimal parameters to obtain the best squeezing.
A source of quantum noise in a non-linear optical medium is the coupling of photons with thermal phonons, called the Raman effect. This noise source sets the lower limit of squeezing in the polarisation variables for ultrashort pulses. Increasing the soliton pulse width reduces the coupling between photons and phonons by decreasing the overlap of the pulse spectrum and the Raman frequency response, which is specific to the medium. We investigate the dependence of squeezing on the soliton pulse width, to determine if improvements in squeezing result from longer pulses. We numerically solve a stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with extra nonlinear terms for Raman effect (derived within the truncated Wigner approach), for a 3M FS-PM7811 silica fibre using the pde solver XMDS 2.0. Computational efficiency was improved by use of a single-Lorentzian approximation for the Raman gain profile. Results show that squeezing can be improved for longer pulse widths. However, there is a tradeoff between the Raman effects and the classical phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.
A source of quantum noise in a non-linear optical medium is the coupling of photons with thermal phonons, called the Raman effect. This noise source sets the lower limit of squeezing in the polarisation variables for ultrashort pulses. Increasing the soliton pulse width reduces the coupling between photons and phonons by decreasing the overlap of the pulse spectrum and the Raman frequency response, which is specific to the medium. We investigate the dependence of squeezing on the soliton pulse width, to determine if improvements in squeezing result from longer pulses. We numerically solve a stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with extra nonlinear terms for Raman effect (derived within the truncated Wigner approach), for a 3M FS-PM 7811 silica fibre using the pde solver XMDS 2.0. Computational efficiency was improved by use of a single-Lorentzian approximation for the Raman gain profile. Results show that squeezing can be improved for longer pulse widths. However, there is a tradeoff between the Raman effects and the classical phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.
The greater confinement of light that is possible in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) leads to greater effective nonlinearity, which promises to yield greater quantum squeezing than is possible in standard optical fiber. However, experimental work to date has not achieved improvements over standard fiber. We present a comprehensive numerical investigation of polarization squeezing in PCF in a Sagnac configuration. By including loss, a noninstantaneous Raman response, excess phase-noise, second- and third-order dispersion, and self-steepening, the simulations are able to identify the physical factors that limit current PCF squeezing experiments.
Photonic crystal fibres (PCF) can be tailored to introduce a high effective nonlinear Kerr effect and to create lower amounts of excess noise compared to standard fibres. By exploiting both polarisation axes of the polarisation maintaining PCF we can generate two independent polarisation squeezed beams that can be used to create polarisation entanglement. We generated a maximum squeezing of-3.9 Aring plusmn 0.3 dB and a corresponding anti-squeezing of 16.8 Aring plusmn 0.3 dB. Furthermore we investigate the generation of polarisation squeezing in photonic crystal fibres by using a single pass setup where both the slow and fast axis has to be utilized. Taking advantage of these features and using ultrashort pulses we create polarisation squeezed states with notably higher purity than obtained in standard fibres.
Generation of light with nonclassical properties, such as squeezed light, has gathered a lot of attention because of possible uses in such areas as quantum state engineering, quantum imaging, continuous variable quantum computing, and detection of gravitational waves. Squeezed light is generally produced by transporting light through a nonlinear medium. One such media is Kerr-nonlinear optical fibres. We aim to find the parameters for a fibre polarization squeezing setup by studying the dependencies of quantum noise suppression on the duration of the pulse and the input power. This is performed by modeling the light field propagation using the split-step Fourier method to numerically solve the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation obtained by using the Wigner representation. This equation includes such physical effects as damping, quantum loss noise, dispersion, Kerr and Raman nonlinearities, and stochastic Raman noise.
We investigate polarization squeezing of ultrashort pulses in optical fiber, over a wide range of input energies and fiber lengths. Comparisons are made between experimental data and quantum dynamical simulations to find good quantitative agreement. The numerical calculations, performed using both truncated Wigner and exact +P+P+P phase-space methods, include nonlinear and stochastic Raman effects, through coupling to phonon variables. The simulations reveal that excess phase noise, such as from depolarizing guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering, affects squeezing at low input energies, while Raman effects cause a marked deterioration of squeezing at higher energies and longer fiber lengths. We also calculate the optimum fiber length for maximum squeezing.