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Photonics

Numerical Simulations on Polarization Quantum Noise Squeezing for Ultrashort Solitons in Optical Fiber with Enlarged Mode Field Area

Arseny A. Sorokin, Elena A. Anashkina, Joel Frederick Corney, Vjačeslavs Bobrovs, Gerd Leuchs, Alexey V. Andrianov

Published Jun 18, 2021• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Broadband quantum noise suppression of light is required for many applications, including detection of gravitational waves, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Here, using numerical simulations, we investigate the possibility of polarization squeezing of ultrashort soliton pulses in an optical fiber with an enlarged mode field area, such as large-mode area or multicore fibers (to scale up the pulse energy). Our model includes the second-order dispersion, Kerr and Raman effects, quantum noise, and optical losses. In simulations, we switch on and switch off Raman effects and losses to find their contribution to squeezing of optical pulses with different durations (0.1–1 ps). For longer solitons, the peak power is lower and a longer fiber is required to attain the same squeezing as for shorter solitons, when Raman effects and losses are neglected. In the full model, we demonstrate optimal pulse duration (~0.4 ps) since losses limit squeezing of longer pulses and Raman effects limit squeezing of shorter pulses.

DOI
10.3390/photonics8060226

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Broadband quantum noise suppression of light is required for many applications, including detection of gravitational waves, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Here, using numerical simulations, we investigate the possibility of polarization squeezing of ultrashort soliton pulses in an optical fiber with an enlarged mode field area, such as large-mode area or multicore fibers (to scale up the pulse energy). Our model includes the second-order dispersion, Kerr and Raman effects, quantum noise, and optical losses. In simulations, we switch on and switch off Raman effects and losses to find their contribution to squeezing of optical pulses with different durations (0.1–1 ps). For longer solitons, the peak power is lower and a longer fiber is required to attain the same squeezing as for shorter solitons, when Raman effects and losses are neglected. In the full model, we demonstrate optimal pulse duration (~0.4 ps) since losses limit squeezing of longer pulses and Raman effects limit squeezing of shorter pulses.
Generation of light with nonclassical properties, such as squeezed light, has gathered a lot of attention because of possible uses in such areas as quantum state engineering, quantum imaging, continuous variable quantum computing, and detection of gravitational waves. Squeezed light is generally produced by transporting light through a nonlinear medium. One such media is Kerr-nonlinear optical fibres. We aim to find the parameters for a fibre polarization squeezing setup by studying the dependencies of quantum noise suppression on the duration of the pulse and the input power. This is performed by modeling the light field propagation using the split-step Fourier method to numerically solve the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation obtained by using the Wigner representation. This equation includes such physical effects as damping, quantum loss noise, dispersion, Kerr and Raman nonlinearities, and stochastic Raman noise.
We investigate polarization squeezing of ultrashort pulses in optical fiber, over a wide range of input energies and fiber lengths. Comparisons are made between experimental data and quantum dynamical simulations to find good quantitative agreement. The numerical calculations, performed using both truncated Wigner and exact +P+P+P phase-space methods, include nonlinear and stochastic Raman effects, through coupling to phonon variables. The simulations reveal that excess phase noise, such as from depolarizing guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering, affects squeezing at low input energies, while Raman effects cause a marked deterioration of squeezing at higher energies and longer fiber lengths. We also calculate the optimum fiber length for maximum squeezing.
Comparing stochastic simulations and experimental measurements, we study the quantum dynamics of polarisation squeezing in optical fibres. Squeezing of -6.8 dB is measured, with Raman effects limiting squeezing for higher pulse energies and longer fibres. Depolarising GAWBS phase-noise adversely affects squeezing at low pulse energies. Third-order dispersion is also accounted for in the simulations, and this has an effect on pulses with more than the soliton energy. We theoretically determine the optimal pulse energy and fibre length for the best squeezing.
A source of quantum noise in a non-linear optical medium is the coupling of photons with thermal phonons, called the Raman effect. This noise source sets the lower limit of squeezing in the polarisation variables for ultrashort pulses. Increasing the soliton pulse width reduces the coupling between photons and phonons by decreasing the overlap of the pulse spectrum and the Raman frequency response, which is specific to the medium. We investigate the dependence of squeezing on the soliton pulse width, to determine if improvements in squeezing result from longer pulses. We numerically solve a stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with extra nonlinear terms for Raman effect (derived within the truncated Wigner approach), for a 3M FS-PM7811 silica fibre using the pde solver XMDS 2.0. Computational efficiency was improved by use of a single-Lorentzian approximation for the Raman gain profile. Results show that squeezing can be improved for longer pulse widths. However, there is a tradeoff between the Raman effects and the classical phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.
Squeezed light—nonclassical multiphoton states with fluctuations in one of the quadrature field components below the vacuum level—has found applications in quantum light spectroscopy, quantum telecommunications, quantum computing, precision quantum metrology, detecting gravitational waves, and biological measurements. At present, quantum noise squeezing with optical fiber systems operating in the range near 1.5 μm has been mastered relatively well, but there are no fiber sources of nonclassical squeezed light beyond this range. Silica fibers are not suitable for strong noise suppression for 2 µm continuous-wave (CW) light since their losses dramatically deteriorate the squeezed state of required lengths longer than 100 m. We propose the generation multiphoton states of 2-micron 10-W class CW light with squeezed quantum fluctuations stronger than −15 dB in chalcogenide and tellurite soft glass fibers with large Kerr nonlinearities. Using a realistic theoretical model, we numerically study squeezing for 2-micron light in step-index soft glass fibers by taking into account Kerr nonlinearity, distributed losses, and inelastic light scattering processes. Quantum noise squeezing stronger than −20 dB is numerically attained for a customized As2Se3 fibers with realistic parameters for the optimal fiber lengths shorter than 1 m. For commercial As2S3 and customized tellurite glass fibers, the expected squeezing in the −20–−15 dB range can be reached for fiber lengths of the order of 1 m.