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Ukrainian Scientific Journal of Information Security

Stacks of quantum cryptography protocols

Євген Вікторович Васіліу

Published Jun 11, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the paper the stack of protocols of quantum key distribution, based on the protocol with single qubits transmission (ВВ84 protocol), is in details analysed. Based on this analysis the full protocols stack of quantum secure direct communication on a basis of the ping-pong protocol is developed. The developed stack includes such basic protocols: privacy amplification, error correction coding, and quantum information transfer. At the same time developed stack of protocols of quantum secure communication is suitable at use of any variant of the ping-pong protocol as the base. The basic differences between stacks of protocols of quantum key distribution and quantum secure direct communication, which are caused by different purpose of these protocols, different types of the transferred information and accordingly different requirements to their security are considered.

DOI
10.18372/2225-5036.20.6574

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In the paper the stack of protocols of quantum key distribution, based on the protocol with single qubits transmission (ВВ84 protocol), is in details analysed. Based on this analysis the full protocols stack of quantum secure direct communication on a basis of the ping-pong protocol is developed. The developed stack includes such basic protocols: privacy amplification, error correction coding, and quantum information transfer. At the same time developed stack of protocols of quantum secure communication is suitable at use of any variant of the ping-pong protocol as the base. The basic differences between stacks of protocols of quantum key distribution and quantum secure direct communication, which are caused by different purpose of these protocols, different types of the transferred information and accordingly different requirements to their security are considered.
Quantum secure direct communication protocols offer confidential transmission of classic information over the quantum channel without a prior key agreement. The ping-pong based protocols provide asymptotic security and detailed analysis of the security level provided by each variant of the protocol is required. The paper presents a general method of calculation of the eavesdropped information as a function of the attack detection probability. The method is applied to the ping-pong protocol based on completely entangled pairs of qudits. The lower and upper bound on the amount of the leaked information is provided.
Particularly vulnerable spot for violation of information security is a data network, since it is impossible to guarantee the data protection when transferring them through a public environment (Internet, telephone lines, radio). Therefore, the information transmitted on different networks, particularly in need of security and the main way of providing it, is using the cryptographic methods. However, recent research has shown that classical cryptography gives a cause to look for new prospects and it could be quantum cryptography. Among all possible quantum cryptography technologies, quantum secure direct communication (e.g. Ping-Pong protocol) does not use any cryptographic transformations, so there is no key distribution problem and eavesdropping can be detected during transfer, thereby improving information transmitting reliability. In this paper security amplification method for Ping-Pong protocol was proposed. This method uses generated ternary pseudorandom sequence and transformations in Galois field. Accordingly, this could increase the protocol asymptotical security and accelerate its work at least 3 times.
Quantum secure direct communication protocols offer confidential transmission of classic information over quantum channel without prior key agreement. The ping-pong based protocols provide asymptotic security and detailed analysis of security level provided by each variant of the protocol is required. The paper presents a general method of calculation of the eavesdropped information as a function of the attack detection probability. The method is applied to the ping-pong protocol based on completely entangled pairs of qudits. The upper and lower bounds on the amount of the leaked information and eavesdropping detection probability are provided.
Based on the 'ping-pong' quantum communication protocol proposed by Bostroverset..o\\overset{..}{o}overset..om and Felbinger [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 187902 (2002)], we show a deterministic secure direct communication protocol using single qubit in mixed state. This single qubit protocol is an asymptotically secure key distribution. It can be realized with today's technology. In principle, even if the single qubit source is not perfect, this protocol is also secure.
The new quantum protocol of secret sharing between two subjects, which is based on the ping-pong protocol of quantum secure direct communication, is proposed. This protocol is based on scheme of transmission of the qubits by blocks, which is well known from publications. However, in contrast to this scheme in the proposed protocol the data transmission in a random way alternates with channel check on eavesdropping. Thereby the need for periodic storage of considerable number of qubits disappears. It will let to implement the procedure of secret sharing with assisting state-of-the-art technology of quantum information science. The proposed secret sharing protocol, which also uses the earlier developed by co-author the method of enhancement of the ping-pong protocols security, provides the high level of security to the outer malefactor’s eavesdropping attack. It is the advantage of this protocol over the appropriate classical (non-quantum) schemes.