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IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS)

Efficiency increasing method for quantum secure direct communication protocols

Sergiy O. Gnatyuk, Тетяна Олександрівна Жмурко, Paweł Fałat

Published Sep 1, 2015• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Particularly vulnerable spot for violation of information security is a data network, since it is impossible to guarantee the data protection when transferring them through a public environment (Internet, telephone lines, radio). Therefore, the information transmitted on different networks, particularly in need of security and the main way of providing it, is using the cryptographic methods. However, recent research has shown that classical cryptography gives a cause to look for new prospects and it could be quantum cryptography. Among all possible quantum cryptography technologies, quantum secure direct communication (e.g. Ping-Pong protocol) does not use any cryptographic transformations, so there is no key distribution problem and eavesdropping can be detected during transfer, thereby improving information transmitting reliability. In this paper security amplification method for Ping-Pong protocol was proposed. This method uses generated ternary pseudorandom sequence and transformations in Galois field. Accordingly, this could increase the protocol asymptotical security and accelerate its work at least 3 times.

DOI
10.1109/idaacs.2015.7340780

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Particularly vulnerable spot for violation of information security is a data network, since it is impossible to guarantee the data protection when transferring them through a public environment (Internet, telephone lines, radio). Therefore, the information transmitted on different networks, particularly in need of security and the main way of providing it, is using the cryptographic methods. However, recent research has shown that classical cryptography gives a cause to look for new prospects and it could be quantum cryptography. Among all possible quantum cryptography technologies, quantum secure direct communication (e.g. Ping-Pong protocol) does not use any cryptographic transformations, so there is no key distribution problem and eavesdropping can be detected during transfer, thereby improving information transmitting reliability. In this paper security amplification method for Ping-Pong protocol was proposed. This method uses generated ternary pseudorandom sequence and transformations in Galois field. Accordingly, this could increase the protocol asymptotical security and accelerate its work at least 3 times.
The development of modern computer technologies endangers the confidentiality of information, which is usually ensured by traditional cryptographic means. This circumstance forces us to look for new methods of protection. In view of modern trends, quantum cryptography methods can become such alternatives, which allow solving a number of important cryptographic problems, for which the impossibility of solving using only classical (that is, non-quantum) communication has been proven. Quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum informatics that studies methods of protecting information by using quantum carriers. The possibility of such protection is ensured by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. One of the promising directions of quantum cryptography is Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) that offers secure communication without any shared key. A characteristic feature of this method is the absence of cryptographic transformations, accordingly, there is no key distribution problem. The purpose of this work is a general overview of quantum cryptography protocols, finding their weak points for further development and improvement, as well as identifying vulnerabilities to different attacks. The article analyzes new methods and protocols, as well as presents their advantages and disadvantages. Based on partial generalizations of theoretical provisions and practical achievements in the field of quantum cryptography, a generalized classification was developed. By comparing various factors of the protocols, and their resistance to certain cyberattacks, we have the opportunity to identify several problems in this field and expand the possibilities for choosing appropriate methods for building modern quantum information protection systems. In accordance with this, conclusions were presented regarding the use of protocols and increasing the level of their effectiveness.
With the measureless, huge and rapid data exchange in network environments and increasing the attackers capabilities, quantity and quality of violations in cyberspace, information security has become the most important process for data storage and communication. Reliability of traditional methods for ensuring confidentiality is questionable, taking into account contemporary threats. Thereby, search of alternative methods and means for security is urgent issue. Significant interest causes quantum cryptography, which do not depend on computing or other capabilities of intruder, uses specific unique properties of quantum particles, and based on the inviolability of quantum physics laws. One of the most advanced quantum cryptography technology is quantum secure direct communication, which can transmit information directly by open channel, but it has only asymptotic security to non-coherent attacks and, certainly requires some methods for security amplification. In this regard, high- speed privaсy amplification method for quantum cryptography protocols was developed. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method was developed a methodology for experimental research, under which comparing of its performance with known method was made. According to the obtained results, the proposed method has a speed faster against analogs at the same level of security against non-coherent attacks.
Today acutely raises the issue of providing information confidentiality in conditions of growth quantity and quality of violations in cyberspace that are constantly improving and developing. Reliability of traditional methods for ensuring confidentiality is questionable taking into account contemporary threats. So look for alternative methods and means of security is urgent issue. Significant interest causes quantum cryptography, which do not depend on computing or other capabilities of offender, uses specific unique properties of quantum particles, and based on the inviolability of the laws of quantum physics. One of the most advanced technology of quantum cryptog-raphy is quantum secure direct communication, which can transmit information directly by open channel (without encryption – in this case there is no key distribution problem), but they have only asymptotic resistance to noncoherent attacks and, certainly requires some methods for amplification security. In this regard, developed a method of ensuring the stability of quantum cryptography protocols. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method was developed a methodology for conducting experimental research, according to which it is made comparing of its performance with known method. According to the obtained results, the proposed method has a speed in 1.52 times faster against analogs at the same level of resistance to noncoherent attacks.
The rapid development of modern computing technology threatens the confidentiality of information that is provided, usually, by traditional cryptographic means and forces researchers to look for alternative methods of security. Considering the development tendencies one of these alternatives may be quantum cryptography that unlike traditional (which is mostly based on the impossibility of solving a certain class of mathematical problems by certain period of time) uses specific unique properties of quantum particles, based on the inviolability of the quantum physics laws. It is known that some quantum cryptography protocols allowing to achieve information-theoretic stability – a key distribution protocols mostly. Another class of quantum cryptography protocols - secure direct communication protocols, most of which have asymptotic stability. Therefore, it was suggested a number of methods to increase the stability of such protocols. One of these methods will increase the asymptotic stability of quantum secure direct connection protocols with entangled pairs (correlated) of qutrit, but this method requires the generation of ternary (trit) pseudorandom sequences. In the work proposed generating pseudorandom trit sequences method based on the number of irreversible functions and transformation over the field GF (3). Also at the basis of a method developed appropriate algorithm that reflected as pseudo code. Further research will focus on the development of a quality evaluation of trit generated pseudorandom sequences method, as virtually all existing methods focused on binary sequence.
A security layer for the asymptotically secure ping-pong protocol is proposed and analyzed in the paper. The operation of the improvement exploits inevitable errors introduced by the eavesdropping in the control and message modes. Its role is similar to the privacy amplification algorithms known from the quantum key distribution schemes. Messages are processed in blocks which guarantees that an eavesdropper is faced with a computationally infeasible problem as long as the system parameters are within reasonable limits. The introduced additional information preprocessing does not require quantum memory registers and confidential communication is possible without prior key agreement or some shared secret.
The new quantum protocol of secret sharing between two subjects, which is based on the ping-pong protocol of quantum secure direct communication, is proposed. This protocol is based on scheme of transmission of the qubits by blocks, which is well known from publications. However, in contrast to this scheme in the proposed protocol the data transmission in a random way alternates with channel check on eavesdropping. Thereby the need for periodic storage of considerable number of qubits disappears. It will let to implement the procedure of secret sharing with assisting state-of-the-art technology of quantum information science. The proposed secret sharing protocol, which also uses the earlier developed by co-author the method of enhancement of the ping-pong protocols security, provides the high level of security to the outer malefactor’s eavesdropping attack. It is the advantage of this protocol over the appropriate classical (non-quantum) schemes.