The rapid development of modern computing technology threatens the confidentiality of information that is provided, usually, by traditional cryptographic means and forces researchers to look for alternative methods of security. Considering the development tendencies one of these alternatives may be quantum cryptography that unlike traditional (which is mostly based on the impossibility of solving a certain class of mathematical problems by certain period of time) uses specific unique properties of quantum particles, based on the inviolability of the quantum physics laws. It is known that some quantum cryptography protocols allowing to achieve information-theoretic stability – a key distribution protocols mostly. Another class of quantum cryptography protocols - secure direct communication protocols, most of which have asymptotic stability. Therefore, it was suggested a number of methods to increase the stability of such protocols. One of these methods will increase the asymptotic stability of quantum secure direct connection protocols with entangled pairs (correlated) of qutrit, but this method requires the generation of ternary (trit) pseudorandom sequences. In the work proposed generating pseudorandom trit sequences method based on the number of irreversible functions and transformation over the field GF (3). Also at the basis of a method developed appropriate algorithm that reflected as pseudo code. Further research will focus on the development of a quality evaluation of trit generated pseudorandom sequences method, as virtually all existing methods focused on binary sequence.
The rapid development of modern computing technology threatens the confidentiality of information that is provided, usually, by traditional cryptographic means and forces researchers to look for alternative methods of security. Considering the development tendencies one of these alternatives may be quantum cryptography that unlike traditional (which is mostly based on the impossibility of solving a certain class of mathematical problems by certain period of time) uses specific unique properties of quantum particles, based on the inviolability of the quantum physics laws. It is known that some quantum cryptography protocols allowing to achieve information-theoretic stability – a key distribution protocols mostly. Another class of quantum cryptography protocols - secure direct communication protocols, most of which have asymptotic stability. Therefore, it was suggested a number of methods to increase the stability of such protocols. One of these methods will increase the asymptotic stability of quantum secure direct connection protocols with entangled pairs (correlated) of qutrit, but this method requires the generation of ternary (trit) pseudorandom sequences. In the work proposed generating pseudorandom trit sequences method based on the number of irreversible functions and transformation over the field GF (3). Also at the basis of a method developed appropriate algorithm that reflected as pseudo code. Further research will focus on the development of a quality evaluation of trit generated pseudorandom sequences method, as virtually all existing methods focused on binary sequence.
In the last few years, development of quantum cryptography has attracted the scientist’s attention. Researches passed from the theoretical level to introduction of ready commercial decisions. The main difference between the methods of quantum cryptography and traditional (symmetric and asymmetric) cryptography consists in use of absolutely different principles in the basis. The quantum cryptography does not depend on computing or other intruder opportunities, uses specific unique quantum particles properties and based on inviolability of quantum physics laws. Among the most developed technologies of quantum cryptography is worth noting quantum secure direct communication, which can transmit information by open channel without encryption - removing key distribution problem, but in these protocols each bit of information is confidential and intruder shouldn’t get it, that's why requirements for protocols stability is much higher and require security amplification methods. Such method was previously developed by authors, but its implementation requires the use of reliable trit pseudorandom sequences. In this context, this study presents an experimental research of trit pseudorandom sequence generating method for cryptographic applications. For evaluating the effectiveness of this method was developed experimental methodology, which confirms the possibility of using trit sequences generated by the method for ensuring the stability of quantum cryptography qutrit protocols to non-coherent attacks and for other crypto-graphic applications in modern information and communication technologies.
Developments in quantum cryptography are carried by almost all major western telecommunication companies and research centers. Rapid development led to a significant expansion of the protocols range. From viewpoint of information capacity the most effective protocols for quantum cryptography system is trit systems. However, there is a problem of developing trit pseudorandom sequences generators and assessing their quality. This is because random and pseudo-random sequence generated by different generators for cryptographic applications must be tested by probabilistic and statistical methods. However, the vast majority of known techniques focused on testing generators pseudorandom binary sequences, so confirm pseudorandom generated trit sequences using them is almost impossible. Also there are not existed software and methods of such sequences assessment and arises the task of method developing for evaluation the quality of ternary pseudorandom sequences to evaluate the feasibility of using them for cryptographic applications. That method was developed in this paper and it is based on the approach used in NIST STS.Keywords: quantum cryptography, trit, qutrit, pseudorandom sequence, pseudorandom sequences generator, quality assessment.
Quantum cryptography doesn’t depend on computational capabilities of intruders; it uses inviolability of quantum physics postulates (postulate of measurement, no-cloning theorem, uncertainty principle). Some quantum key distribution protocols have absolute (theoretical and informational) stability, but quantum secure direct communication (deterministic) protocols have only asymptotic stability. For a whole class of methods to ensure Q-trit deterministic quantum cryptography protocols stability, reliable trit generation method is required. In this paper, authors have developed a high-speed and secure pseudorandom number (PRN) generation method. This method includes the following steps: initialization of the internal state vector and direct PRN generation. Based on this method TriGen v.2.0 pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) was developed and studied in practice. Therefore, analysing the results of study it can be concluded following: 1) Proposed Q-trit PRNG is better then standard C ++ PRNG and can be used on practice for critical applications; 2) NIST STS technique cannot be used to evaluate the quality (statistical stability) of the Q-trit PRNG and formed trit sequences; 3) TritSTS 2020 technique is suitable for evaluating Q-trit PRNG and trit sequences quality. A future research study can be related to developing a fully-functional version of TritSTS technique and software tool.
Cybersecurity contains three basic features such as confidentiality, integrity and availability. Data confidentiality ensuring by encryption has faced quantum computing threat, but this problem can be solved by using post-quantum cryptography and / or quantum cryptography (quantum key distribution). For cryptographic applications statistical properties of the generated pseudorandom sequences should not be differ from random sequences. To determine such properties a number of statistical testing methods are used, but they all are focused on the evaluation of binary sequences. In quantum cryptography there are some protocols with Q-trits (qutrits), but these sequences cannot be assessed effectively by binary statistic methods. From this position in the paper quality assessment approach for Q-trits pseudo random number generators and formed sequences was proposed. Also the experimental study of proposed approach (in comparison with NIST STS) was carried out. Given results show that NIST STS technique cannot be used to evaluate the quality of the Q-trit sequences and generators, but developed method is suitable to use in practice for evaluating Q-trit sequences (generators) quality.
Due to the fundamentally different approach underlying quantum cryptography (QC), it has not only become competitive, but also has significant advantages over traditional cryptography methods.Such significant advantage as theoretical and informational stability is achieved through the use of unique quantum particles and the inviolability of quantum physics postulates, in addition it does not depend on the intruder computational capabilities.However, even with such impressive reliability results, QC methods have some disadvantages.For instance, such promising trend as quantum secure direct communicationeliminates the problem of key distribution, since it allows to transmit information by open channel without encrypting it.However, in these protocols, each bit is confidential and should not be compromised, therefore, the requirements for protocol stability are increasing and additional security methods are needed.For a whole class of methods to ensure qutrit QC protocols stability, reliable trit generation method is required.In this paper authors have developed and studied trit generation method and software tool TriGen v.2.0 PRNG.Developed PRNG is important for various practical cryptographic applications (for example, trit QC systems, IoT and Blockchain technologies).Future research can be related with developing fully functional version of testing technique and software tool.
In recent decades, quantum cryptography has made its way from scientific researches to practical implementations and commercial use. The absolute advantage of using quantum methods of information protection is independence from the computing capabilities of an attacker. In addition, due to the use of unique properties of quantum methods, it becomes possible to achieve an unprecedented level of security with the possibility of detecting the violator during the operation of some protocols in online mode. However, although many questions and problems in quantum cryptography have already been solved, there are still many unresolved ones. The use of ternary pseudorandom sequences raised the question of the statistical reliability of these sequences. And although today there are a large number of different methods for evaluating the randomness of a sequence, however, they are mostly aimed at evaluating standard binary sequences. This work is devoted to the method of evaluating ternary sequences, one of the stages and an experimental study are presented.