Entanglement states are important for both basic research and applied research. However, these entanglement states usually relate to one or several of the particles' physical quantities. Here we theoretically show that a particle-antiparticle pair can form packaged entanglement states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. There are two types of packaged entanglement states, i.e., C-symmetrical and C-asymmetrical. The particles in the packaged entanglement states are hermaphroditic and indeterminate. Thereafter, we gave a possible experimental scheme for testing the packaged entanglement states. We also proposed a protocol for teleporting a particle to an arbitrarily large distance using the packaged entanglement states and discussed the transfer of a packaged entanglement state from two particles to another two particles. Finally, we present a new interpretation to the baryogenesis based on the theory of packaged entanglement states in which the particles are indeterminate and hermaphroditic. Baryogenesis, or the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, is one of the major unsolved problems in physical cosmology. We have shown that the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking satisfies the Sakharov conditions. By further proposing an entanglement selection principle, we can give a self-consistent interpretation to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry produced in early universe. Thus, the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking could be or at lease contribute to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry. These packaged entanglement states could be important for particle physics and useful in matter teleportation, medicine, remote control, and energy transfer.
Entanglement states are important for both basic research and applied research. However, these entanglement states usually relate to one or several of the particles' physical quantities. Here we theoretically show that a particle-antiparticle pair can form packaged entanglement states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. There are two types of packaged entanglement states, i.e., C-symmetrical and C-asymmetrical. The particles in the packaged entanglement states are hermaphroditic and indeterminate. Thereafter, we gave a possible experimental scheme for testing the packaged entanglement states. We also proposed a protocol for teleporting a particle to an arbitrarily large distance using the packaged entanglement states and discussed the transfer of a packaged entanglement state from two particles to another two particles. Finally, we present a new interpretation to the baryogenesis based on the theory of packaged entanglement states in which the particles are indeterminate and hermaphroditic. Baryogenesis, or the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, is one of the major unsolved problems in physical cosmology. We have shown that the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking satisfies the Sakharov conditions. By further proposing an entanglement selection principle, we can give a self-consistent interpretation to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry produced in early universe. Thus, the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking could be or at lease contribute to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry. These packaged entanglement states could be important for particle physics and useful in matter teleportation, medicine, remote control, and energy transfer.
The quantum entanglement that include every physical properties of particles would be important for both theoretical and applied physics. Here, we theoretically show that a particle–antiparticle pair can form the so-called packaged entangled states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. The particles in the packaged entangled states exhibit unusual properties. Thereafter, we proposed the possible protocol for teleporting the entire quantum state of a particle (or an antiparticle) to an arbitrarily large distance and the transfer of new entangled states from a particle pair to another particle pair. Finally, we presented a new interpretation to the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the observable universe.
Packaged entanglement states encapsulate the necessary physical quantities as an entirety for completely identifying the particles. They are important for particle physics and matter teleportation. Here we proposed the new packaged entanglement states (of two particles and more than two particles) in which the charge does not conserve in the process of wave function collapse. We also discussed the particle teleportation and entanglement transfer using the new packaged entanglement states. It is shown that a particle always converts into its conjugating particle during the particle teleportation process.
Symmetry packaging is the phenomenon whereby, upon particle creation, all the internal quantum numbers (IQNs) become locked into a single irreducible representation (irrep) block of the gauge group, as required by locality and gauge invariance. The resulting packaged quantum states exhibit characteristic symmetry constraints and entanglement patterns. We develop a group-theoretic framework to describe the symmetry packaging for a variety of concrete symmetries and to classify the corresponding packaged states:(1) We prove that for any finite or compact group G, there exist G-associated packaged subspaces, in which every vector is automatically a packaged state. In particular, in multi-particle systems, any nontrivial representation of G induces inseparable packaged entanglement that locks together all IQNs.(2) We apply this framework to symmetry packaging in finite groups (cyclic group ZN, charge conjugation C, fermion parity, parity P, time reversal T, and dihedral groups), compact groups (U(1), SU(N), SU(2), and SU(3)), p-form symmetries, and hybrid symmetries. In each case, gauge invariance and superselection rules forbid the factorization of the resulting states. We illustrate how Bell-type packaged entangled states, color confinement, and hybrid gauge-invariant configurations all arise naturally. These results yield a complete classification of packaged quantum states.(3) Finally, we extend the packaging principle to incorporate full spacetime symmetry and hybrid systems of local, global, and Lorentz/Poincaré charges.Our approach unifies tools from group theory, gauge theory, and topological classification. These results may be useful for potential applications in high energy physics, quantum field theory, and quantum technologies.
The study and characterisation of quantum entanglement represents an extended effort within the field of quantum information. This thesis addresses two problems. The first regards entanglement in open systems, where it’s more difficult to define a dichotomic (two outcome) observable due to population loss. The second problem concerns genuine multipartite entanglement, that is entanglement between many particles in states that cannot be separable with respect to any possible bipartition of a system.\nThe first chapter consists of an introduction to the basic elements of quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. We briefly describe a few historical facts about quantum mechanics and the study of entanglement, to help put things into perspective.\nThe second chapter is a detailed discussion of the neutral kaon system. These particles are produced in pairs and are described as a particle-antiparticle system. This system displays some unique properties like the violation of CP-symmetry, and shares some characteristics with other mesons, such as neutral particle oscillation and decay. This makes formulating Bell-type inequalities for them more difficult, but also provides the opportunity for new tests.\nThe third chapter continues with the presentation of an already existent effective formalism for performing Bell tests on neutral kaons. The essence of the formalism is a switch to the Heisenberg picture, transferring the time evolution and dependence on measurement directions to a so-called effective operator. This has many advantages, some of the most important being a proper normalization during population loss (due to decay), an easy application to\nthe case of multiple particles and the fact that it allows one to observe entanglement within the system for a relatively long amount of time. The final part presents a way to simulate neutral kaons with atomic systems, namely with Ytterbium isotopes and discuss what are the differences between these atomic systems and neutral kaons.\nThe second part of the thesis treats the problem of proving genuine multipartite entanglement from separable two-body marginals. For this, an introduction to semidefinite programming is necessary due to the fact that the problem under study can be formulated in terms of this method. We will briefly discuss linear and semidefinite programming as well as the concept of duality and provide some basic examples.\nThe formal description of this problem and previous results are provided in the fifth chapter. Our result shows that, through a cyclic iteration between two SDPs, one obtains states with the desired properties. Using this method we managed to go up to six qubit states for various configurations. From this we can construct higher-dimensional states having the same properties.
This thesis investigates the use of concepts from quantum information theory to analyze and quantify symmetry breaking in extended quantum systems, particularly focusing on the key measure known as Entanglement Asymmetry. The core of the work introduces and applies Entanglement Asymmetry. This quantity is defined based on the difference in information content between a quantum state and a version of that state where the symmetry has been enforced (or "symmetrized"). It represents an alternative approach to traditional, often problematic, local order parameters for measuring symmetry breaking: asymmetry is zero only if the state perfectly preserves the symmetry. The major contributions of the thesis are structured as follows: Symmetry Breaking in Bulk Critical Systems: The research analyzes Entanglement Asymmetry in two-dimensional Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) where the symmetry is explicitly broken. This work derives the asymptotic behavior of the asymmetry as a function of the subsystem size, extending earlier finite-size results to the critical continuum limit. Boundary Effects and Quenches: The analysis is extended to cases where the symmetry holds in the bulk of a CFT but is broken at the edge by a boundary condition. The thesis provides formulas describing this boundary-induced asymmetry, including power-law corrections whose exponents are linked to the properties of boundary-changing operators. It also explores the time evolution of asymmetry in quantum quench protocols. Generalization of Asymmetry to Modern Symmetries: The concept of Entanglement Asymmetry is generalized to include finite generalized symmetries, such as higher-form and non-invertible symmetries, which are a major topic in modern QFT. This involves establishing a generalized procedure for "symmetrizing" a state without relying on traditional group mathematics. Entanglement in Non-Hermitian Systems: The final chapter shifts focus to explore other entanglement properties, specifically symmetry-resolved entanglement and the entanglement Hamiltonian, within non-Hermitian models and their corresponding non-unitary CFTs.
Symmetry packaging is the phenomenon whereby, upon particle creation, all the internal quantum numbers (IQNs) become locked into a single irreducible representation (irrep) block of the gauge group, as required by locality and gauge invariance. The resulting packaged quantum states exhibit characteristic symmetry constraints and entanglement patterns. We develop a group-theoretic framework to describe the symmetry packaging for a variety of concrete symmetries and to classify the corresponding packaged states: \textbf{(1)} We prove that for any finite or compact group G, there exist G-associated packaged subspaces, in which every vector is automatically a packaged state. In particular, in multi-particle systems, any nontrivial representation of G induces inseparable packaged entanglement that locks together all IQNs. \textbf{(2)} We apply this framework to symmetry packaging in finite groups (cyclic group ZN, charge conjugation C, fermion parity, parity P, time reversal T, and dihedral groups), compact groups (U(1), SU(N), SU(2), and SU(3)), p-form symmetries, and hybrid symmetries. In each case, gauge invariance and superselection rules forbid the factorization of the resulting states. We illustrate how Bell-type packaged entangled states, color confinement, and hybrid gauge-invariant configurations all arise naturally. These results yield a complete classification of packaged quantum states. \textbf{(3)} Finally, we extend the packaging principle to incorporate full spacetime symmetry and hybrid systems of local, global, and Lorentz/Poincaré charges. Our approach unifies tools from group theory, gauge theory, and topological classification. These results may be useful for potential applications in high energy physics, quantum field theory, and quantum technologies.