The quantum entanglement that include every physical properties of particles would be important for both theoretical and applied physics. Here, we theoretically show that a particle–antiparticle pair can form the so-called packaged entangled states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. The particles in the packaged entangled states exhibit unusual properties. Thereafter, we proposed the possible protocol for teleporting the entire quantum state of a particle (or an antiparticle) to an arbitrarily large distance and the transfer of new entangled states from a particle pair to another particle pair. Finally, we presented a new interpretation to the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the observable universe.
The quantum entanglement that include every physical properties of particles would be important for both theoretical and applied physics. Here, we theoretically show that a particle–antiparticle pair can form the so-called packaged entangled states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. The particles in the packaged entangled states exhibit unusual properties. Thereafter, we proposed the possible protocol for teleporting the entire quantum state of a particle (or an antiparticle) to an arbitrarily large distance and the transfer of new entangled states from a particle pair to another particle pair. Finally, we presented a new interpretation to the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the observable universe.
Packaged entanglement states encapsulate the necessary physical quantities as an entirety for completely identifying the particles. They are important for particle physics and matter teleportation. Here we proposed the new packaged entanglement states (of two particles and more than two particles) in which the charge does not conserve in the process of wave function collapse. We also discussed the particle teleportation and entanglement transfer using the new packaged entanglement states. It is shown that a particle always converts into its conjugating particle during the particle teleportation process.
Entanglement states are important for both basic research and applied research. However, these entanglement states usually relate to one or several of the particles' physical quantities. Here we theoretically show that a particle-antiparticle pair can form packaged entanglement states which encapsulate all the necessary physical quantities for completely identifying the particles. There are two types of packaged entanglement states, i.e., C-symmetrical and C-asymmetrical. The particles in the packaged entanglement states are hermaphroditic and indeterminate. Thereafter, we gave a possible experimental scheme for testing the packaged entanglement states. We also proposed a protocol for teleporting a particle to an arbitrarily large distance using the packaged entanglement states and discussed the transfer of a packaged entanglement state from two particles to another two particles. Finally, we present a new interpretation to the baryogenesis based on the theory of packaged entanglement states in which the particles are indeterminate and hermaphroditic. Baryogenesis, or the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, is one of the major unsolved problems in physical cosmology. We have shown that the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking satisfies the Sakharov conditions. By further proposing an entanglement selection principle, we can give a self-consistent interpretation to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry produced in early universe. Thus, the collapse of packaged entanglement states with C-symmetry breaking could be or at lease contribute to the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry. These packaged entanglement states could be important for particle physics and useful in matter teleportation, medicine, remote control, and energy transfer.
Up to now we have limited ourselves to states of a single particle. In the present chapter we shall introduce the description of two-particle states. Once this case is understood, it will be easy to generalize to any number of particles. States of two (or more) particles lead to very rich configurations called entangled states. A remarkable feature is that two entangled quantum particles, even at arbitrarily large spatial separations, continue to form a single entity and no classical probabilistic model is able to reproduce the correlation between particles. In the first section we shall present the essential mathematical formalism, that of the tensor product. This will permit us in Section 6.2 to describe quantum mixtures using the state operator formalism. Section 6.3 is devoted to the study of important physical consequences like the Bell inequalities and interference experiments involving entangled states, which will lead us to a deeper understanding of quantum physics. Finally, in the last section we shall briefly review applications to measurement theory and quantum information theory. The latter is undergoing rapid development at present and has applications to quantum computing, cryptography, and teleportation. The tensor product of two vector spaces Definition and properties of the tensor product We wish to construct the space of states of two physical systems which we assume initially to be completely independent. Let ℌ N 1 and ℌ M 2 be the spaces of states of the two systems, of dimension N and M , respectively.
The surprising aspects of quantum information are due to two distinctly non-classical features of the quantum world: first, different quantum states need not be orthogonal and, second, quantum states may be entangled. Non-orthogonality leads to the blurring of classical distinctions. On the other hand, entanglement leads via non-locality to teleportation and other ``entanglement-assisted'' forms of communication that go beyond what is classically possible. In this article we attempt to understand these new possibilities via an analysis of the significance of entanglement for the basic physical concepts of a ``particle'' and a ``localized physical system''. Classical particles can be individuated on the basis of qualitative differences in their sets of properties. But in entangled states the ``particle labels'' of the quantum formalism usually do not pick out such sets of individuating particle properties. It is sometimes nevertheless possible to think in terms of individual particles, which may be localized; but we argue that in general the structure of quantum mechanics is at odds with such a particle interpretation. This finally leads us to the conclusion that quantum mechanics is best seen as not belonging to the category of space-time theories, in which physical quantities are functions on space-time points. The resulting picture of the quantum world is relevant for our understanding of the way in which quantum theory is non-local, and it sheds light on the novel aspects of quantum information.
Abstract Chapter 14 discusses the quantum communication protocol called quantum teleportation, which uses the quantum correlations in an entangled particle pair shared between two observers to transmit the information stored in the (unknown) quantum state of a target system from one of the observers to the other. After reviewing the theoretical basics we showcase some of the important experimental demonstrations of teleportation. We then turn to more general protocols related to teleportation such as entanglement swapping, and the general formalism of isometries, before inspecting the option of delayed-choice entanglement swapping. In the light of these findings we compare teleportation to classical information transfer and inspect the related dense-coding protocol. Finally, we give an overview of basic quantum key distribution protocols is given, including the Bennett-Brassard-84 protocol based on conjugate coding and the entanglement-based Ekert-91 protocol
The academic research into entanglement nicely illustrates the interplay between fundamental science and applications, and the need to foster both aspects to advance either one. For instance, the possibility to distribute entangled photons over tens or even hundreds of kilometers is fascinating because it confirms the quantum predictions over large distances, while quantum theory is often presented to apply to the very small (see Figure 1). On the other hand, entanglement enables quantum key distribution (QKD) [1]. This most advanced application of quantum information processing allows one to distribute cryptographic keys in a provably secure manner. For this, one merely has to measure the two halves of an entangled pair of photons. Surprisingly, and being of both fundamental and practical interest, the use of entanglement removes even the necessity for trusting most equipment used for the measurements [5]. Furthermore, entanglement serves as a resource for quantum teleportation (see Figure 2) [1]. In turn, this provides a tool for extending quantum key distribution to arbitrarily large distances and building large-scale networks that connect future quantum computers and atomic clocks [6]. In the following, we describe the counter-intuitive properties of entangled particles as well as a few recent experiments that address fundamental and applied aspects of quantum teleportation. While a lot of work is being done using different quantum systems, including trapped ions, color centers in diamond, quantum dots, and superconducting circuits, we will restrict ourselves to experiments involving photons due to their suitability for building future quantum networks.