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Chinese Physics Letters

Intensity Dependence of Cesium D 2 -Line Saturation Spectra

Yimin Li, Xuzong Chen, Jian-hua Gan, Wang-xi Ji, Jing-shan Hua, Donghai Yang, Yiqiu Wang

Published Jun 1, 1996• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The intensity dependence of the cesium D 2 -line saturation absorption spectra in a nearly zero magnetic field was investigated theoretically and experimentally. By using rate equations the D 2 -line saturation absorption spectra were calculated, which agree reasonably well with the experimental results. The variation of the spectra with different cell lengths was also reported and explained with theoretical calculation.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/13/6/007

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The intensity dependence of the cesium D 2 -line saturation absorption spectra in a nearly zero magnetic field was investigated theoretically and experimentally. By using rate equations the D 2 -line saturation absorption spectra were calculated, which agree reasonably well with the experimental results. The variation of the spectra with different cell lengths was also reported and explained with theoretical calculation.
Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapor confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness $L<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The study is performed on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=852\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ of Cs and concentrates on the two situations $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ and $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the most contrasted ones with respect to the length dependence of the coherent Dicke narrowing. For $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$, the Dicke-narrowed absorption profile simply broadens and saturates in amplitude when increasing the light intensity, while for $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, sub-Doppler dips of reduced absorption at the line-center appear on the broad absorption profile. For a fluorescence detection at $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, saturation induces narrow dips, but only for hyperfine components undergoing a population loss through optical pumping. These experimental results are interpreted with the help of the various existing models and are compared with numerical calculations based upon a two-level modeling that considers both a closed and an open system.
We have measured magneto-optical signals obtained by exciting the D1{D}_{1}D1​ line of cesium atoms confined to an extremely thin cell (ETC), whose walls are separated by less than $1\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$, and developed an improved theoretical model to describe these signals with experimental precision. The theoretical model was based on the optical Bloch equations and included all neighboring hyperfine transitions, the mixing of the magnetic sublevels in an external magnetic field, and the Doppler effect, as in previous studies. However, in order to model the extreme conditions in the ETC more realistically, the model was extended to include a unified treatment of transit relaxation and wall collisions with relaxation rates that were obtained directly from the thermal velocities of the atoms and the length scales involved. Furthermore, the interactions of the atoms with different regions of the laser beam were modeled separately to account for the varying laser beam intensity over the beam profile as well as saturation effects that become important near the center of the beam at the relatively high laser intensities used during the experiments in order to obtain measurable signals. The model described the experimentally measured signals for laser intensities for magnetic fields up to 55 G and laser intensities up to 1W/cm21{\text{W/cm}}^{2}1W/cm2 with excellent agreement.
Absorption and fluorescent spectra are obtained in saturation regime of a single beam laser spectroscopy of Cesium D2 line, in a vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength. We compare experimentally and theoretically obtained spectra distinguishing between open and closed, in terms of optical pumping, hyperfine transitions. In absorption, we observe a persisting difference between open and closed transitions, in terms of Dicke narrowing, when increasing laser light intensity. In fluorescence, for open transitions we note saturation dips which do not change significantly when increasing intensity. In case of closed transition, a small feature at the fluorescence line center appears for relatively high light intensity.
The intensity dependent absorption was measured on the line (6 transition) in atomic cesium. The magnetic field applied to the vapour and the spatial cross section of the laser beam were controlled and varied during data collection. A three-level rate equation model is presented in an attempt to explain the results. We show that this well known approach does not sucessfully model the data obtained in the absence of a magnetic field. Hence, a more complex and complete model that explicitly includes all of the hyperfine magnetic sublevels (a multilevel model) is presented. This approach accurately models all of the data collected. The good agreement betweeen this model and the data allows the determination of the transit relaxation rate (due to atomic time of flight through the laser beam), , where is the two-dimensional root-mean-squared speed of the atom and D is the FWHM of the Gaussian laser beam spatial profile.
The saturated absorption spectra of the 87Rb D2 line were observed in an almost-zero magnetic field, in the geomagnetic field, and in a magnetic field of 10 G. The relative magnitudes of the resonance signals were calculated and tabulated by application of Nakayama’s four-level model to the 87Rb D2 line. The observed spectra were in good agreement with the theoretical plots. However, it was found that in the case of the 10-G magnetic field it is necessary to calculate an exact splitting of Zeeman sublevels in order to fit the theoretical calculation to the observed spectra and that saturation spectroscopy can be used as a method for observing the Zeeman splitting.
Abstract Two types of magnetically induced (MI) transitions in cesium atoms were studied experimentally and theoretically. The MI transitions are forbidden in the absence of magnetic field. Probabilities of MI transitions rapidly grow with increase in magnetic field and can exceed those of transitions allowed in the absence of magnetic field. Asymptotic behavior of probabilities of MI transitions in strong magnetic fields is different. In the case of magnetically induced transitions of the first type (MI1), transition probabilities experience giant increase with increase in the applied magnetic field, and with a further increase of the magnetic field, the probabilities of these transitions tend to asymptotic large value. Probabilities of magnetically induced transitions of the second type (MI2) also experience giant increase with increase in the applied magnetic field. However, probabilities of such transitions tend to zero again with further increase in the magnetic field. It is demonstrated that measurement of the second derivative (SD) of absorption spectra of Cs vapor contained in a nanocell with thickness L = 426 nm corresponding to half the wavelength of the D2 line of cesium (λ = 852 nm) enables conducting Doppler-free spectroscopy. Narrow width of atomic lines and linear relation between the SD signal amplitudes and transition probabilities allows studying individual atomic transitions in an external transverse magnetic field with induction varying from 0.5 to 5.3 kG. In particular, four MI transitions were studied: two MI1 and two MI2 ones. Theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental results.