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arXiv:0706.0837 · Physical Review A

Saturation effects in the sub-Doppler spectroscopy of cesium vapor confined in an extremely thin cell

C. Andreeva, S. Cartaleva, L. Petrov, Solomon M. Saltiel, David G. Sarkisyan, T. Varzhapetyan, Daniel Bloch, M. Ducloy

Published Jul 31, 2007• 60 citations
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Abstract

Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapor confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness $L<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The study is performed on the ${D}_{2}$ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=852\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ of Cs and concentrates on the two situations $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ and $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the most contrasted ones with respect to the length dependence of the coherent Dicke narrowing. For $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$, the Dicke-narrowed absorption profile simply broadens and saturates in amplitude when increasing the light intensity, while for $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, sub-Doppler dips of reduced absorption at the line-center appear on the broad absorption profile. For a fluorescence detection at $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, saturation induces narrow dips, but only for hyperfine components undergoing a population loss through optical pumping. These experimental results are interpreted with the help of the various existing models and are compared with numerical calculations based upon a two-level modeling that considers both a closed and an open system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.013837

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Apr 22, 2005•6 citations
Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapor confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness L<1\ensuremathμmL<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}L<1\ensuremathμm) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The study is performed on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line (\ensuremathλ=852nm)(\ensuremath{\lambda}=852\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(\ensuremathλ=852nm) of Cs and concentrates on the two situations L=\ensuremathλ∕2L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2L=\ensuremathλ∕2 and L=\ensuremathλL=\ensuremath{\lambda}L=\ensuremathλ, the most contrasted ones with respect to the length dependence of the coherent Dicke narrowing. For L=\ensuremathλ∕2L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2L=\ensuremathλ∕2, the Dicke-narrowed absorption profile simply broadens and saturates in amplitude when increasing the light intensity, while for L=\ensuremathλL=\ensuremath{\lambda}L=\ensuremathλ, sub-Doppler dips of reduced absorption at the line-center appear on the broad absorption profile. For a fluorescence detection at L=\ensuremathλL=\ensuremath{\lambda}L=\ensuremathλ, saturation induces narrow dips, but only for hyperfine components undergoing a population loss through optical pumping. These experimental results are interpreted with the help of the various existing models and are compared with numerical calculations based upon a two-level modeling that considers both a closed and an open system.
The saturation behavior of absorption and fluorescence spectra on the D2 line of Cs is presented, demonstrating a significant difference between open and closed transitions. Cs vapor is confined in an extremely thin cell (ETC) with widely tunable thickness L=(0.5-3)λ, where λ is the light wavelength. In the saturation regime, the closed transition demonstrates enhanced absorption in a narrow spectral interval due to the Dicke effect, while the open one demonstrates only a velocity-selective dip in the absorption. The fluorescence of open transitions shows reduced fluorescence dips, enhancing their contrast with ETC thickness. The closed transition exhibits only a small plateau around the optical transition center. Applying two-level theoretical modeling based on optical Bloch equations, a qualitative agreement with experimental observations is achieved. The rate of contrast enhancement with cell thickness is larger for the theoretical than for the experimental dips. In addition, for the closed transition a tiny peak in the fluorescence is theoretically predicted, with the first experimental confirmation presented. The sub-Doppler spectra of vapor layers with a thickness of several light wavelengths show potential for realization of precise frequency references and photonics sensors.
Absorption and fluorescent spectra are obtained in saturation regime of a single beam laser spectroscopy of Cesium D2 line, in a vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength. We compare experimentally and theoretically obtained spectra distinguishing between open and closed, in terms of optical pumping, hyperfine transitions. In absorption, we observe a persisting difference between open and closed transitions, in terms of Dicke narrowing, when increasing laser light intensity. In fluorescence, for open transitions we note saturation dips which do not change significantly when increasing intensity. In case of closed transition, a small feature at the fluorescence line center appears for relatively high light intensity.
We compare the behavior of absorption and of resonance fluorescence spectra in an extremely thin Rb vapor cell as a function of the ratio of $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$, with LLL the cell thickness $(L\ensuremath{\sim}150--1800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ the wavelength of the Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mn})$. The Dicke-type coherent narrowing [G. Dutier et al., Europhys. Lett. 63, 35 (2003)] is observed only in transmission measurements, in the linear regime, with its typical collapse and revival, which reaches a maximum for $L=(2n+1)\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ (nnn integer). It is shown not to appear in fluorescence, whose behavior-amplitude, and spectral width, is more monotonic with LLL. Conversely, at high-intensity, the sub-Doppler saturation effects are shown to be the most visible in transmission around $L=n\ensuremath{\lambda}$.
The high resolution spectroscopy of nanometric-thin alkali-vapor layers was made possible through the development of extremely thin cell.We have investigated the behavior of the extremely thin cell fluorescence spectra both experimentally and theoretically.Experiment is performed on the D 2 line of Cs-vapor-layer with thickness L = mλ, where m = 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25.For open optical transitions, the fluorescence spectra shows narrow dip on the top of the sub-Doppler-width fluorescence profile, at L ≥ λ.In case of closed transition, an extremely small feature in the fluorescence slightly shifted from its maximum is observed at L = (5/4)λ.The used theoretical model, based on the optical Bloch equations is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
The absorption and fluorescence spectra of a submicron Cs vapour layer under resonant excitation on the D2 line are measured. Sub-Doppler features centered at the resonance frequency of the hyperfine (hf) transitions have been observed. Substantial changes in the amplitude and width of the sub-Doppler resonances for individual hf transitions were recorded in dependence on the intensity of the incident laser radiation. In the fluorescence spectra narrow dips due to the effects of saturation have been observed. We also report about the observation of coherence resonances in Hanle configuration obtained at cell thickness of the order of the wavelength of the laser light.