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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of a vapour confined in an Extremely Thin Cell : Saturation effects and interplay between coherent resonances and incoherent losses

C. Andreeva, S. Cartaleva, L. Petrov, Solomon M. Saltiel, David G. Sarkisyan, T. Varzhapetyan, Daniel Bloch, M. Ducloy

Published Jun 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapour confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness L< 1 mum) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is known that in a thin cell of dilute vapour, the wall-to-wall atomic trajectories generate original sub-Doppler signatures for spectra recorded under normal incidence.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386803

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Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Jul 1, 2003•120 citations
Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapour confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness L< 1 mum) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is known that in a thin cell of dilute vapour, the wall-to-wall atomic trajectories generate original sub-Doppler signatures for spectra recorded under normal incidence.
Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapor confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness $L<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The study is performed on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=852\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ of Cs and concentrates on the two situations $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ and $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the most contrasted ones with respect to the length dependence of the coherent Dicke narrowing. For $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$, the Dicke-narrowed absorption profile simply broadens and saturates in amplitude when increasing the light intensity, while for $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, sub-Doppler dips of reduced absorption at the line-center appear on the broad absorption profile. For a fluorescence detection at $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, saturation induces narrow dips, but only for hyperfine components undergoing a population loss through optical pumping. These experimental results are interpreted with the help of the various existing models and are compared with numerical calculations based upon a two-level modeling that considers both a closed and an open system.
When a vapour is confined, the collisions to the confinement wall usually cause a broadening of the transitions. However velocity selective processes and the coherent enhancement of some transient contributions can lead to sub-Doppler contributions because of the confinement. In the optical range, this had been demonstrated for a one-dimensional confinement with micro- or nano-cells of a small thickness. A two-dimensional confinement in a hollow fiber had shown sub-Doppler contributions, but only equivalent to macrosocpic non linear saturated absorption spectroscopy. Here, we describe experiments showing that a thermal vapor confined in a three-dimensional nanostructure can exhibit sub-Doppler features in a linear regime. We perform reflection spectroscopy on a Cs vapour cell whose window is covered with a thin opal film (typically, 10 or 20 layers of ~ 1µm or 400 nm diameter spheres). We demonstrate, both experimentally and through a modeling that the sub-Doppler structures observed for a large range of oblique incidence angles (~ 30-50°) originate from the interstitial regions of the opal, hence corresponding to a three-dimensional submicrometric confinement. We also show that the partially porous nature of the glass spheres allows some LIAD effects. In a different set of experiments, an atomic vapour is confined in glass medium with large size pores (tens of µm) randomly distributed. The effect of scattered light and fluorescence have been distinguished. Also, sub-Doppler features evolving non linearly with the irradiating intensity are observed, originating in a saturated absorption process induced by the backscattered light .
The absorption and fluorescence spectra of a submicron Cs vapour layer under resonant excitation on the D2 line are measured. Sub-Doppler features centered at the resonance frequency of the hyperfine (hf) transitions have been observed. Substantial changes in the amplitude and width of the sub-Doppler resonances for individual hf transitions were recorded in dependence on the intensity of the incident laser radiation. In the fluorescence spectra narrow dips due to the effects of saturation have been observed. We also report about the observation of coherence resonances in Hanle configuration obtained at cell thickness of the order of the wavelength of the laser light.
We compare the behavior of absorption and of resonance fluorescence spectra in an extremely thin Rb vapor cell as a function of the ratio of $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$, with LLL the cell thickness $(L\ensuremath{\sim}150--1800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ the wavelength of the Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mn})$. The Dicke-type coherent narrowing [G. Dutier et al., Europhys. Lett. 63, 35 (2003)] is observed only in transmission measurements, in the linear regime, with its typical collapse and revival, which reaches a maximum for $L=(2n+1)\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ (nnn integer). It is shown not to appear in fluorescence, whose behavior-amplitude, and spectral width, is more monotonic with LLL. Conversely, at high-intensity, the sub-Doppler saturation effects are shown to be the most visible in transmission around $L=n\ensuremath{\lambda}$.
Since the invention of the extremely thin cell which sustains prolonged action of hot and dense alkali vapours, a number of spectroscopic problems have been solved with its aid. As the width of the cell is comparable to, or smaller than, the wavelength of the actual atomic transition, The Doppler width of the fluorescence light is reduced due to the cage effect. Stimulated by recent measurements of the fluorescent excitation line shapes in the extremely thin cell we studied the dependence of these line shapes on the cell thickness.
In a thin cell of dilute vapour, the absorption spectrum exhibits sub-Doppler features due to the relative enhancement of the slow atom contribution, with respect to the transient nature of the interaction with moving atoms. For a two-level system in the linear regime, the narrowest response is predicted to be found for a λ/2 thickness, as an effect of the coherent character of the dipole response as early described by Romer and Dicke ( Phys. Rev. , 99 (1955) 532) in the microwave regime. We report here on the direct observation of this effect in the optical regime in an ultra-thin vapour cell. This effect is shown to vanish for a thickness equal to λ, and a revival is observed at 3λ/2, as expected from the predicted λ-periodicity. The experiment is performed on the D 1 resonance line of Cs vapour (λ = 894 nm), in a specially designed cell, whose thickness varies locally.