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Acta Physica Sinica

A Z-trap in an atom chip for trapping neutral 87Rb atoms

Xiaolin Li, Ke Min, Bo Yan, Jiuyao Tang, Yuzhu Wang, (1)浙江大学物理系，杭州 310027; (2)中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所量子光学重点实验室，上海 201800；中国科学院冷原子物理中心，上海 201800

Published Jan 1, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Trapping potential of a Z-trap is calculated with analytic and numeric methods. It's found that when a trapping center is a little bit far from the chip surface (the distance is about one order of the half length of the Z-wire central part), the trapping depth is not approximately eqsual to the potential By created by a bias magnetic field, the potential energy at the trapping center should be subtracted from the potential By created by the bias field. On the other hand, if an atom cloud is compressed to a certain extent by increasing By, the trapping depth will be decreased rather than increased. The preparation of the Z-trap in an atom chip, the experimental setup, and the experimental procedure for trapping neutral 87Rb atoms is also introduced. At last we obtained 2×106 87Rb atoms trapped in the Z-trap.

DOI
10.7498/aps.56.6367

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Trapping potential of a Z-trap is calculated with analytic and numeric methods. It's found that when a trapping center is a little bit far from the chip surface (the distance is about one order of the half length of the Z-wire central part), the trapping depth is not approximately eqsual to the potential By created by a bias magnetic field, the potential energy at the trapping center should be subtracted from the potential By created by the bias field. On the other hand, if an atom cloud is compressed to a certain extent by increasing By, the trapping depth will be decreased rather than increased. The preparation of the Z-trap in an atom chip, the experimental setup, and the experimental procedure for trapping neutral 87Rb atoms is also introduced. At last we obtained 2×106 87Rb atoms trapped in the Z-trap.
The article reviews briefly the rapidly evolving field of so-called atom chips for neutral atoms. Emphasis is placed on magnetic microtraps – on-chip Ioffe-Prichard and dimple trap issue is covered in some detail. The experimental setup for cooling and trapping 87Rb atoms is also presented together with some early results of on-chip magnetic trapping. Full Text: PDF References J. Schmiedmayer, "Guiding and trapping a neutral atom on a wire", Phys. Rev. A 52, R13 (1995). CrossRef M. H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, M. R. Matthews, C. E. Wieman, and E. A. Cornell, "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor", Science 269, 198 (1995). CrossRef K. B. Davis, M.-O. Mewes, M. R. Andrews, N. J. van Druten, D. S. Durfee, D. M. Kurn et al., "Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Gas of Sodium Atoms", Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969 (1995). CrossRef J. D. Weinstein, K. G. Libbrecht, "Microscopic magnetic traps for neutral atoms", Phys. Rev. A 52, 4004 (1995). CrossRef D. Müller, D. Z. Anderson, R. J. Grow, P. D. D. Schwindt, and E. A. Cornell, "Guiding Neutral Atoms Around Curves with Lithographically Patterned Current-Carrying Wires", Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5194 (1999). CrossRef N. H. Dekker, C. S. Lee, V. Lorent, J. H. Thywissen, S. P. Smith, M. Drndi et al., "Guiding Neutral Atoms on a Chip", Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1124 (2000). CrossRef J. Reichel, W. Hänsel, and T. W. Hänsch, "Atomic Micromanipulation with Magnetic Surface Traps", Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3398 (1999). CrossRef D. Cassettari, B. Hessmo, R. Folman, T. Maier, and J. Schmiedmayer, "Beam Splitter for Guided Atoms", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5483 (2000). CrossRef M. A. Cirone, A. Negretti, T. Calarco, P. Krüger, J. Schmiedmayer, "A simple quantum gate with atom chips", Eur. Phys. J. D 35, 165 (2005). CrossRef W. Hänsel, P. Hommelhoff, T. W. Hänsch, and J. Reichel, "Bose–Einstein condensation on a microelectronic chip", Nature 413, 498 (2001). CrossRef H. Ott, J. Fortagh, G. Schlotterbeck, A. Grossmann, and C. Zimmermann, "Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Surface Microtrap", Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 230401 (2001). CrossRef Y. Lin, I. Teper, C. Chin, V. Vuletić, "Impact of the Casimir-Polder Potential and Johnson Noise on Bose-Einstein Condensate Stability Near Surfaces", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 050404 (2004). CrossRef E. Salim, J. DeNatale, D. Farkas, K. Hudek, S. McBride, J. Michalchuk et al, "Compact, microchip-based systems for practical applications of ultracold atoms", Quantum Inf. Process. 10, 975 (2011). CrossRef S. Groth, Development, "Fabrication and Characterisation of Atom Chips", doctoral dissertation. (2006). R. Folman, P. Krüger, J. Schmiedmayer, J. Denschlag, C. Henkel, "Microscopic atom optics: From wires to an atom chip", Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48, 263 (2002). CrossRef A. Arnold, Preparation and Manipulation of an 87Rb Bose-Einstein Condensate (University of Sussex 1999), PhD thesis. D. M. Farkas, K. M. Hudek, E. A. Salim, S. R. Segal, M. B. Squires, and D. Z. Anderson, "A compact, transportable, microchip-based system for high repetition rate production of Bose–Einstein condensates ", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 093102 (2010). CrossRef K. Dieckmann, R. J. C. Spreeuw, M. Weidemüller, and J. T. M. Walraven, "Two-dimensional magneto-optical trap as a source of slow atoms", Phys. Rev. A 58, 3891 (1998). CrossRef W. Petrich, M. H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, and E. A. Cornell, "Behavior of atoms in a compressed magneto-optical trap", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 11, 1332 (1994). CrossRef
Several techniques for manipulating neutral atoms (more precisely, ultracold clouds of neutral atoms) in chip-based magnetic traps and atomic waveguides have been demonstrated. Such traps and waveguides are promising components of future quantum sensors that would offer sensitivities much greater than those of conventional sensors. Potential applications include gyroscopy and basic research in physical phenomena that involve gravitational and/or electromagnetic fields. The developed techniques make it possible to control atoms with greater versatility and dexterity than were previously possible and, hence, can be expected to contribute to the value of chip-based magnetic traps and atomic waveguides. The basic principle of these techniques is to control gradient magnetic fields with suitable timing so as to alter a trap to exert position-, velocity-, and/or time-dependent forces on atoms in the trap to obtain desired effects. The trap magnetic fields are generated by controlled electric currents flowing in both macroscopic off-chip electromagnet coils and microscopic wires on the surface of the chip. The methods are best explained in terms of examples. Rather than simply allowing atoms to expand freely into an atomic waveguide, one can give them a controllable push by switching on an externally generated or a chip-based gradient magnetic field. This push can increase the speed of the atoms, typically from about 5 to about 20 cm/s. Applying a non-linear magnetic-field gradient exerts different forces on atoms in different positions a phenomenon that one can exploit by introducing a delay between releasing atoms into the waveguide and turning on the magnetic field.
A microtrap consisting of two concentric circular wire loops having radii of 300 and 660 μm, respectively, is demonstrated. The three-dimensional trap has a maximum depth of more than 1 mK, and the trap center position as measured below the atom chip surface can be adjusted by applying a small-bias magnetic field. More than 105 Rb87 atoms were transferred into the microtrap from a magneto-optical trap and remained trapped for several hundred milliseconds, which is limited by the background pressure. The loading of a linear array of three microtraps is also demonstrated. The trap dimensions are readily scaled to micrometer size, which is of interest for creating a one- and two-dimensional array of neutral atom traps on a single atom chip.
A microtrap consisting of two concentric circular wire loops having radii of 300 and 660 μm, respectively, is demonstrated. The three-dimensional trap has a maximum depth of more than 1 mK, and the trap center position as measured below the atom chip surface can be adjusted by applying a small-bias magnetic field. More than 105 Rb87 atoms were transferred into the microtrap from a magneto-optical trap and remained trapped for several hundred milliseconds, which is limited by the background pressure. The loading of a linear array of three microtraps is also demonstrated. The trap dimensions are readily scaled to micrometer size, which is of interest for creating a one- and two-dimensional array of neutral atom traps on a single atom chip.
In order to take quantum mechanical systems out of the lab and produce practical devices, a method of miniaturizing and integrating apparatus components is needed. In the context of ultracold atomic gas experiments, the ideal method of achieving this miniaturization is the implementation of atom chip technology. By depositing micro-scale current carrying wires onto planar substrates, it is possible to create a magnetic trap capable of confining a cloud of neutral atoms in sufficient proximity to the chip surface for solid state devices to interact with the cloud. This thesis presents our lab’s first steps towards creating an atom chip capable of confining a cloud of rubidium-87. The chip prototypes were developed with the intent to incorporate them into the hybrid system apparatus within our lab. The chips are intended to serve as a platform for facilitating the interaction between the atomic gas ensemble and mesoscopic solid-state devices, allowing for the hybridization of the two systems. In this work I describe the design of the trapping wire configuration and the fabrication of the first two generations of chip prototypes. Additionally, I provide numerical simulations of the produced magnetic field, from which estimates of the trap frequency and depth can be calculated. Finally, I introduce some basic characterization tests of the absolute current limitations and resistive behavior of the chip wires, and the dimensional uniformity of the fabricated wire profiles.
We present atom chip traps and guides created by a combination of two current-carrying wires and a bias field pointing perpendicular to the chip surface. These elements can be arranged in any orientation on the chip surface. We study loading schemes for the traps and present a detailed study of the guiding of thermal atomic clouds in an omnidirectional matter waveguide along a $25\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{mm}$-long curved path at various atom-surface distances $(35--450\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$. An extension of the scheme for the guiding of Bose-Einstein condensates is outlined. Such a concept enables utilizing the full two-dimensional surface of the chip.