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Journal of Applied Physics

Optimal detection strategy for super-resolving quantum lidar

Qiang Wang, Lili Hao, Yu Zhang, Chenghua Yang, Xu Yang, Lu Tie Xu, Y. Zhao

Published Jan 13, 2016• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The description of quantum lidar in the presence of photon loss and phase noise is presented. Taylor series is directly exploited to expand the interference signal to separate the detected phase and the phase noise. The analytical expression of interference signal and its sensitivity are illustrated by binary outcome homodyne, parity photon counting, and zero-nonzero photon counting detection. Numerical calculation indicates that homodyne detection has the best sensitivity and resolution and should be considered as the optimal detection strategy for quantum lidar in the diffusion region of κ<10−2. However, parity detection should be the best detection scheme for resolution, and zero-nonzero detection represents the optimal detection for sensitivity in the rest region. Finally, zero-nonzero detection produces better sensitivity than parity detection.

DOI
10.1063/1.4939777

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The description of quantum lidar in the presence of photon loss and phase noise is presented. Taylor series is directly exploited to expand the interference signal to separate the detected phase and the phase noise. The analytical expression of interference signal and its sensitivity are illustrated by binary outcome homodyne, parity photon counting, and zero-nonzero photon counting detection. Numerical calculation indicates that homodyne detection has the best sensitivity and resolution and should be considered as the optimal detection strategy for quantum lidar in the diffusion region of κ<10−2. However, parity detection should be the best detection scheme for resolution, and zero-nonzero detection represents the optimal detection for sensitivity in the rest region. Finally, zero-nonzero detection produces better sensitivity than parity detection.
We investigate the performance of the super-resolving quantum lidar with the entangled coherent states of light in the presence of loss and noise, especially in the noisy case. An exact analytical expression of the output signal has been derived with the binary-outcome photon counting measurements. Numerical results show that the resolution of our scheme with parity detection is √N (N) times enhanced relative to that of the coherent-state strategy with the same (intensity) detection in the lossless and noiseless cases. The influences of phase diffusion on resolution and sensitivity have been analyzed and discussed. It is found that the super-resolution emerges in the whole diffusion rate regions, whereas the super-sensitivity just exists in the high and low diffusion rate regimes. Comparisons are made with the well known N00N states, the results show that the entangled coherent states performs better resolution and sensitivity than those of the N00N scheme in the whole diffusion regimes. In addition, the effects of photon loss on resolution and sensitivity have also been studied. The phase sensitivity can beat the shot noise limit and the resolution is much better than the Rayleigh diffraction limit in the whole loss regions. Finally, the zero-nonzero photon counting measurement gives much worse sensitivity than that of the parity detection, which is just opposite from the case as demonstrated in a recent coherent-light Mach-Zehnder experiment.
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Introducing a novel Z4nZ_{4n}Z4n​-detection scheme to enhance the performance of quantum LiDAR systems
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Interference metrology is a method for achieving high precision detection by phase estimation. The phase sensitivity of a traditional interferometer is subject to the standard quantum limit, while its resolution is constrained by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The resolution and sensitivity of phase measurement can be enhanced by using quantum metrology. We propose a quantum interference metrology scheme using the entangled squeezed vacuum state, which is obtained using the magic beam splitter, expressed as | ψ ⟩ = ( | ξ ⟩ | 0 ⟩ + | 0 ⟩ | ξ ⟩ ) / 2 + 2 / cosh ⁡ r , such as the N00N state. We derive the phase sensitivity and the resolution of the system with Z detection, project detection, and parity detection. By simulation and analysis, we determine that parity detection is an optimal detection method, which can break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit and the standard quantum limit.
As a combination of laser technology and modern photoelectric detection technology, lidar (laser radar) has notable advantages compared with traditional radar such as high resolution, strong anti-interference ability, and good low-altitude detection performance. However, with continuous application in aerospace, military, artificial intelligence and other fields, lidar has reached the limits of classical physics and can’t meet the requirements in detection, measurement and imaging. In order to break the bottleneck, worldwide researchers have developed a new type of radar-quantum lidar, which is based on the combination of traditional radar technology and quantum information technology. Its main principle is to get imaging through squeezed light that is below the noise limit of classical physics and then manipulated by the quantum state to achieve imaging with higher quality. Quantum lidar in the paper injects quantum squeezed light to receiver end and uses quantum phase-sensitive amplifier technology to compensate the photon loss that caused by insufficient quantum power to further improve resolution. In the squeezed light, the generation of quantum squeezed light and detection theory are studied, the resonant cavity locking principle and balanced homodyne detection principle are analyzed, and a mode cleaner with narrow line width is designed to improve beam transverse mode quality of laser and filter high frequency noise. In order to reduce quantum noise and improve resolution, quantum lidar imaging system is developed and the theoretically derivation and numerical simulation results show that the resolution of quantum lidar imaging is 1.71 times higher than that of lidar imaging.