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arXiv:2309.12076

Super-resolution and super-sensitivity of quantum LiDAR with multi-photonic state and binary outcome photon counting measurement

Priyanka Sharma, Mishra, Manoj K., Devendra Kumar Mishra

Published Sep 21, 2023• 0 citations
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Abstract

Here we are investigating the enhancement in phase sensitivity and resolution in Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based quantum LiDAR. We are using multi-photonic state (MPS), superposition of four coherent states [1], as the input state and binary outcome parity photon counting measurement and binary outcome zero-nonzero photon counting measurement as the measurement schemes. We thoroughly investigate the results in lossless as well as in lossy cases. We found enhancement in resolution and phase sensitivity in comparison to the coherent state and even coherent superposition state (ECSS) based quantum LiDAR. Our analysis shows that MPS may be an alternative nonclassical resource in the field of quantum imaging and quantum sensing technologies, like in quantum LiDAR.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2309.12076

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We investigate the performance of the super-resolving quantum lidar with the entangled coherent states of light in the presence of loss and noise, especially in the noisy case. An exact analytical expression of the output signal has been derived with the binary-outcome photon counting measurements. Numerical results show that the resolution of our scheme with parity detection is √N (N) times enhanced relative to that of the coherent-state strategy with the same (intensity) detection in the lossless and noiseless cases. The influences of phase diffusion on resolution and sensitivity have been analyzed and discussed. It is found that the super-resolution emerges in the whole diffusion rate regions, whereas the super-sensitivity just exists in the high and low diffusion rate regimes. Comparisons are made with the well known N00N states, the results show that the entangled coherent states performs better resolution and sensitivity than those of the N00N scheme in the whole diffusion regimes. In addition, the effects of photon loss on resolution and sensitivity have also been studied. The phase sensitivity can beat the shot noise limit and the resolution is much better than the Rayleigh diffraction limit in the whole loss regions. Finally, the zero-nonzero photon counting measurement gives much worse sensitivity than that of the parity detection, which is just opposite from the case as demonstrated in a recent coherent-light Mach-Zehnder experiment.
Introducing a novel Z4nZ_{4n}Z4n​-detection scheme to enhance the performance of quantum LiDAR systems
In a quantum LiDAR system, to achieve a better resolution and sensitivity, detection scheme plays an important role. We propose a novel detection scheme in which the photo detector considers only the 4n4n4n number of photons, where n∈Nn \in \mathbb{N}n∈N, as a click and the rest of them as a no-click. Similar to the ZZZ-detection scheme, where we get a click for any number of photons, we termed this measurement as Z4nZ_{4n}Z4n​-detection scheme. By employing superposition of four coherent states (SFCS) and vacuum as input we investigate the performance of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based quantum LiDAR systems. We found a significant enhancement in resolution and broader working point for the phase sensitivity in comparison to the ZZZ-detection scheme. Our findings highlight the advantages of our approach and suggest promising advancements in the field of quantum LiDAR sensing technology, providing a pathway for more accurate and sensitive measurement capabilities.
We study the phase super–sensitivity of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with the squeezed Kerr state (SKS) and coherent state as the inputs. We discuss the lower bound in phase sensitivity by considering the quantum Fisher information and the corresponding quantum Cramér–Rao bound. With the help of single intensity detection, intensity difference detection, and homodyne detection schemes, we find that our scheme gives a better sensitivity under both lossless and lossy conditions as compared to the well–known results of the combinations of inputs, such as coherent plus vacuum, coherent plus squeezed vacuum, and double coherent states. Because of the possibility of the generation of SKS with the present available quantum optical techniques, we expect that SKS may be an alternative nonclassical resource for the improvement in the phase super–sensitivity of the MZI in realistic scenarios.
In this paper, we mainly focus on analyzing the fidelity, parity measurement, phase sensitivity and entanglement properties of the output states corresponding to three quantum superposition coherent states, i.e. even coherent state (ECS), Yurke-Stoler state (YSS) and odd coherent state (OCS). Our results show that the OCS characterizes super-resolution in the phase measurement via parity measurement at the output ports of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. In addition, we find that the optimal phase sensitivity may approach the Heisenberg limit which is independent of the superposition coefficient of the coherent states. An interesting finding is that the macroscopically entangled coherent states can be experimentally prepared by adjusting the parameters of the nonlinear phase shifter of the MZI.
Based on the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we propose a metrological scheme to improve phase sensitivity. In this scheme, we use a coherent state and a squeezed vacuum state as input states, employ multi-photon-subtraction operations and make intensity-detection or homodyne-detection. We study phase sensitivity, quantum Fisher information and quantum Cramér-Rao bound under both ideal and lossy conditions. The results indicate that choosing an appropriate detection method and photon subtraction scheme can significantly enhance the phase sensitivity and robustness against photon losses. Even under lossy conditions, the multi-photon subtraction schemes can surpass the standard quantum limit. Notably, the homodyne detection method can even break through the Heisenberg limit. Moreover, increasing the number of photon-subtracted can enhance both phase sensitivity and quantum Fisher information. This research highlights the significant value of this scheme in quantum precision measurement.