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Advanced materials research

Quantum Information Processing in Photonic Crystals

Mahi R. Singh

Published Nov 1, 2007• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We have studied the quantum information processing phenomenon in photonic crystals doped with four-level nanoparticles. This phenomenon occurs due to the switching mechanism in the system. We consider that one of the transition energies of nanoparticles is coupled near resonantly with a photonic band gap edge. The dipole-dipole interaction between the nanoparticles has also been included. It is found that the system switches between the transparent and nontransparent states due to the dipole-dipole interaction and the band edge coupling. This is an interesting finding and can be used to produce logical photon switches in the quantum information processing.

DOI
10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.31.236

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We have studied the quantum information processing phenomenon in photonic crystals doped with four-level nanoparticles. This phenomenon occurs due to the switching mechanism in the system. We consider that one of the transition energies of nanoparticles is coupled near resonantly with a photonic band gap edge. The dipole-dipole interaction between the nanoparticles has also been included. It is found that the system switches between the transparent and nontransparent states due to the dipole-dipole interaction and the band edge coupling. This is an interesting finding and can be used to produce logical photon switches in the quantum information processing.
A theory of the nonlinear two-photon absorption has been developed in a photonic crystal doped with an ensemble of four-level nanoparticles. We have considered that the nanoparticles are interacting with the photonic crystal. An expression of two-photon absorption has been obtained by using the density matrix method. The effect of the dipole–dipole interaction has also been included in the formulation. Interesting new phenomena have been predicted. For example, it is found that the inhibition of two-photon absorption can be turned on and off when the decay resonance energies of the four-level nanoparticles are moved within the energy band.
We have investigated the nonlinear switching mechanism in nanostructures doped in photonic crystals. The nonlinear phenomenon studied in this paper is the two-photon absorption process. A probe laser field is applied between the ground state and the next excited state of the nanoparticles to measure the two-photon absorption spectrum. A coupling field is applied between the two excited states of nanoparticles to control the two-photon process. It is found that when the decay resonance energy lies away from the photonic band edge the inhibition of two-photon absorption is observed. However, when the probe field is not resonance, the inhibition of two photons absorption is not observed. An interesting result is observed when the decay resonance energy lies near the band edge. It is found that the inhibition of the two-photon absorption disappears. It means that the phenomenon of two-photon absorption can be switched on and off by tuning the resonance energy within the lower band of the crystal. This mechanism can be used to make a new type of photonic switching devices using photonic crystals.
A theory of nonlinear phenomena has been developed for a photonic crystal in the presence of a pump and a coupling laser field. The crystal is doped with an ensemble of four-level nanoparticle impurities. It is considered that the impurity particles are not only interacting with the photonic crystal but also with each other via dipole-dipole interaction. An expression for the susceptibility has been obtained using the density matrix method. The nonlinear effects due to the coupling and the pump fields have been included in the formulation. The absorption spectrum has been calculated in the presence of the strong coupling and pump fields for an isotropic photonic crystal made from dielectric spheres. The photonic crystal has a gap to midgap ratio of about 21%. It is predicted that the absorption spectrum in the photonic crystal can have zero, one, two or three absorptionless states by tuning one of the transition energies within the bands. This is an interesting phenomenon which can be used to make photonic switching devices. We have also calculated the absorption spectrum in the presence of the dipole-dipole interaction. It is found that a symmetric absorption spectrum changes to an asymmetric one due to this interaction. It is also found that there is a large enhancement in the absorption and the dispersion simultaneously for certain values of the detuning and concentration.
A possible switching mechanism has been investigated for nonlinear photonic crystals doped with an ensemble of non-interacting three-level nanoparticles. In this scheme, an intense pump laser field is used to change the refractive index of the nonlinear photonic crystal while a weaker probe field monitors an absorption transition in the nanoparticles. In the absence of the strong laser field the system transmits the probe field when the resonance energy of the nanoparticles lies near the edge of the photonic band gap due to strong coupling between the photonic crystal and the nanoparticles. However, upon application of an intense pump laser field the system becomes absorbing due to a band edge frequency shift that arises due to a nonlinear Kerr effect which changes the refractive index of the crystal. It is anticipated that the optical switching mechanism described in this work can be used to make new types of photonic devices.
Quantum optics of metallic photonic crystals is studied in this paper. Crystals are made from metallic spheres and a background dielectric material. The refractive index of the metallic spheres depends on the frequencies of the incident light and plasmons whereas the refractive index of the background material is a constant. Crystals are lightly doped with four-level nanoparticles. It is considered that nanoparticles are interacting with the metallic crystals via electron-photon interaction in the dipole approximation. The probe and pump laser fields are applied to monitor the absorption spectrum in the system. Two transparent states are predicted. One is due to the electromagnetically induced transparency and the other is due to the electron-photon interaction. For certain experimental conditions these transparent states merge into one transparent state. The effect of plasmon frequencies has also been studied. It is found that the system can be switched from a transparent state to an absorbing state just by changing the frequency of plasmons. This study can be used to makes new types of optical devices such as switches and optical transistors.
We have studied the quantum optics of a photonic quantum nanowire doped with an ensemble of three-level nanoparticles.The wire is made from two photonic crystals A and B. Crystal A is embedded within crystal B and acts as a photonic nanowire.It is considered that the conduction band of crystal A lies below that of crystal B. As a result, photons are confined in crystal A and are reflected from crystal B. The bound states of the confined photons are calculated using the transfer matrix method.It is found that the number of bound states in the wire depends on the size of the wire and the energy difference between the conduction band extrema of crystals A and B. The absorption coefficient of the system has also been calculated using the Schrödinger equation method.It is considered that the nanoparticles interact with the photonic bound states.Numerical simulations show that when one of the resonance energies lies near the bound state, the system becomes transparent.However, when the resonance energy lies away from the bound state the crystal reverts to an absorbing state.Similarly, when the radius of the dielectric spheres is changed the location of the transparency peak is shifted.This means that the present system can be switched between two states by changing the size of the wire and the transition energy.These findings can be used to make new types of optical devices.