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Physical Review A

Photon transparency in metallic photonic crystals doped with an ensemble of nanoparticles

Mahi R. Singh

Published Jan 28, 2009• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum optics of metallic photonic crystals is studied in this paper. Crystals are made from metallic spheres and a background dielectric material. The refractive index of the metallic spheres depends on the frequencies of the incident light and plasmons whereas the refractive index of the background material is a constant. Crystals are lightly doped with four-level nanoparticles. It is considered that nanoparticles are interacting with the metallic crystals via electron-photon interaction in the dipole approximation. The probe and pump laser fields are applied to monitor the absorption spectrum in the system. Two transparent states are predicted. One is due to the electromagnetically induced transparency and the other is due to the electron-photon interaction. For certain experimental conditions these transparent states merge into one transparent state. The effect of plasmon frequencies has also been studied. It is found that the system can be switched from a transparent state to an absorbing state just by changing the frequency of plasmons. This study can be used to makes new types of optical devices such as switches and optical transistors.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.013826

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Quantum optics of metallic photonic crystals is studied in this paper. Crystals are made from metallic spheres and a background dielectric material. The refractive index of the metallic spheres depends on the frequencies of the incident light and plasmons whereas the refractive index of the background material is a constant. Crystals are lightly doped with four-level nanoparticles. It is considered that nanoparticles are interacting with the metallic crystals via electron-photon interaction in the dipole approximation. The probe and pump laser fields are applied to monitor the absorption spectrum in the system. Two transparent states are predicted. One is due to the electromagnetically induced transparency and the other is due to the electron-photon interaction. For certain experimental conditions these transparent states merge into one transparent state. The effect of plasmon frequencies has also been studied. It is found that the system can be switched from a transparent state to an absorbing state just by changing the frequency of plasmons. This study can be used to makes new types of optical devices such as switches and optical transistors.
We have studied the effect of plasma energy on the absorption coefficient of metallic photonic crystals doped with an ensemble of three-level quantum dots, which are interacting with each other via dipole-dipole interaction. The quantum dots are also interacting with coupled plasma-photon modes present in the system. A probe laser field is applied in order to study the absorption coefficient. We also consider the effect of quantum interference in our simulations, whereby two absorbed photons interfere with one another. Here the density matrix method has been used to calculate the steady-state and transient behavior of the absorption coefficient for the system. Two different field configurations are considered in our numerical simulations. In the first configuration, a probe field couples the ground state and two closely excited states. Absorption occurs due to transitions from the ground state to the two excited states. It is found that the position of the transparent peak moves when the plasma energy is changed. In other words, changing the plasma energy causes the system to switch between a transparent and an absorbing state. The strong coupling between plasmons and the quantum dots is responsible for this phenomenon. In the second configuration, the probe field couples with only one excited state, while a pump field couples to the other excited state. The transition between excited states is dipole forbidden. We observed that the peak in the absorption profile splits into two and also that the system exhibits gain with inversion due to the change in the plasma frequency, which is caused by quantum interference and coherence. These are interesting results and can be used make nanoscale plasma devices.
In this work, the absorption coefficient of a metallic photonic crystal doped with nanoparticles has been obtained using numerical simulation techniques. The effects of quantum interference and the concentration of doped particles on the absorption coefficient of the system have been investigated. The nanoparticles have been considered as semiconductor quantum dots which behave as a four-level quantum system and are driven by a single coherent laser field. The results show that changing the position of the photonic band gap about the resonant energy of the two lower levels directly affects the decay rate, and the system can be switched between transparent and opaque states if the probe laser field is tuned to the resonance frequency. These results provide an application for metallic nanostructures in the fabrication of new optical switches and photonic devices.
A theory of nonlinear phenomena has been developed for a photonic crystal in the presence of a pump and a coupling laser field. The crystal is doped with an ensemble of four-level nanoparticle impurities. It is considered that the impurity particles are not only interacting with the photonic crystal but also with each other via dipole-dipole interaction. An expression for the susceptibility has been obtained using the density matrix method. The nonlinear effects due to the coupling and the pump fields have been included in the formulation. The absorption spectrum has been calculated in the presence of the strong coupling and pump fields for an isotropic photonic crystal made from dielectric spheres. The photonic crystal has a gap to midgap ratio of about 21%. It is predicted that the absorption spectrum in the photonic crystal can have zero, one, two or three absorptionless states by tuning one of the transition energies within the bands. This is an interesting phenomenon which can be used to make photonic switching devices. We have also calculated the absorption spectrum in the presence of the dipole-dipole interaction. It is found that a symmetric absorption spectrum changes to an asymmetric one due to this interaction. It is also found that there is a large enhancement in the absorption and the dispersion simultaneously for certain values of the detuning and concentration.
We have studied the quantum optics of a photonic quantum nanowire doped with an ensemble of three-level nanoparticles.The wire is made from two photonic crystals A and B. Crystal A is embedded within crystal B and acts as a photonic nanowire.It is considered that the conduction band of crystal A lies below that of crystal B. As a result, photons are confined in crystal A and are reflected from crystal B. The bound states of the confined photons are calculated using the transfer matrix method.It is found that the number of bound states in the wire depends on the size of the wire and the energy difference between the conduction band extrema of crystals A and B. The absorption coefficient of the system has also been calculated using the Schrödinger equation method.It is considered that the nanoparticles interact with the photonic bound states.Numerical simulations show that when one of the resonance energies lies near the bound state, the system becomes transparent.However, when the resonance energy lies away from the bound state the crystal reverts to an absorbing state.Similarly, when the radius of the dielectric spheres is changed the location of the transparency peak is shifted.This means that the present system can be switched between two states by changing the size of the wire and the transition energy.These findings can be used to make new types of optical devices.
We study the variation of the energy absorption rate in a hybrid semiconductor quantum dot-metallic nanoparticle system doped in a photonic crystal. The quantum dot is taken as a three-level V-configuration system and is driven by two applied fields (probe and control). We consider that one of the excitonic resonance frequencies is near to the plasmonic resonance frequency of the metallic nanoparticle, and is driven by the probe field. The other excitonic resonance frequency is far from both the plasmonic resonance frequency and the photonic bandgap edge, and is driven by the control field. In the absence of the photonic crystal we found that the system supports three excitonic-induced transparencies in the energy absorption spectrum of the metallic nanoparticle. We show that the photonic crystal allows us to manipulate the frequencies of such excitonic-induced transparencies and the amplitude of the energy absorption rate.
We study the two-photon switching mechanism in photonic crystal nanowires doped with an ensemble of nanoparticles. Nanowires are made from embedding one crystal into another. The energy spectrum of the embedded crystal is higher than that of the outer photonic crystal. The nanoparticles are interacting with bound states and with each other. The photon absorption coefficients have been calculated in the presence of a probe and a pump laser fields. Two transparent and absorption states are found. We anticipate that the present research can be used to make new types of all-photonic devices.