The difficulties met in the usual treatment of quantised field theories seem to us somewhat similar to those which occurred in Bohr's semi-classical quantum mechanics of particles. In this theory the orbits were described by Fourier series in the time; there was no exact correspondence between the periodic terms of this series and quantum transitions, but only an approximate one for terms of high order. Matrix mechanics considers not the Fourier series, but the single terms which are generalised into matrix elements having not one but two indices. This generalisation is founded on Ritz's combination principle.
The difficulties met in the usual treatment of quantised field theories seem to us somewhat similar to those which occurred in Bohr's semi-classical quantum mechanics of particles. In this theory the orbits were described by Fourier series in the time; there was no exact correspondence between the periodic terms of this series and quantum transitions, but only an approximate one for terms of high order. Matrix mechanics considers not the Fourier series, but the single terms which are generalised into matrix elements having not one but two indices. This generalisation is founded on Ritz's combination principle.
The quantum mechanics of fields recently developed by us leads to a modification of statistical mechanics of elementary particles which seems to overcome some of the difficulties (divergence of integrals) occurring in the usual quantum theory of fields. The main difference between the new theory and the usual one is as follows. In the usual theory the wave-vector k is introduced classically and, so to speak, kinematically by the Fourier analysis of the field. The Fourier coefficients of the field components are then treated according to quantum mechanics as non-commuting quantities; those belonging to the wave-vector k describe the corresponding “model” mechanical system, namely the kth radiation oscillator. But the statement that the Fourier coefficients belonging to a certain k all vanish, which statement classically is significant, is now meaningless because there is a lowest state with zero-point energy for each radiation oscillator. The field is thus made to be equivalent to the assembly of radiation oscillators of all possible wave-vectors which, being necessarily infinite in number, contribute an infinite zero-point energy for the pure field and lead to other divergent integrals for the interaction between different fields.
In the quantum field,due to Bohr correspondence principle,quantum mechanics go to classical mechanics in large quantum number.Based upon Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum matrix element of a Hermitian operator reduces to the coefficient of Fourier expansion of the corresponding classical quantity in the classical limit.Using Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum-classical correspondence of particles in magnetic is studied.Applying Heisenberg correspondence principle in relativistic realm,the exact wave functions of Klein-Gordon equation are obtained for particles in magnetic with quantum matrix element in a rectangular coordinate system of new representation.It turns out that in the classical limit matrix elements of quantum operators reduces to the classical solutions and with classical approach,the coordinate is cyclical variation with time,the orbit of particles is a circle,and the movement is uniform circular motion in uniform magnetic field.
Relativistic, scalar particles are considered, contained in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Although interactions are not expected to be a fundamental problem, we concentrate on free particles. By considering them to be harmonic oscillators, it is found that their dynamical variables can be replaced by a completely ontological set, which means that, here, quantum mechanics does not deviate from a purely geometric, ontological particle system. The effects of the mass terms are included. Locality holds for the quantum theory, and seems to be fully obeyed also by the classical treatment, although further discussion will be needed. Quantised interactions are briefly speculated on, but mostly postponed to later. We do discuss extensively the distinction between the quantum treatment and the classical one, even though they produce exactly the same equations mathematically. We briefly explain how this result can be squared with the usual quantum no-go theorems. It is suggested to apply this theory for real time quantum model simulations.
Quantum fields and quantization are concepts that come from quantum physics, the most intriguing physical theory developed in the twentieth century. In our work we would like to describe in a coherent and comprehensive way basic aspects of their mathematical structure. Most of our work is devoted to the simplest kinds of quantum fields and of quantization. We will mostly discuss mathematical aspects of free quantum fields. We will consider the quantization only on linear phase spaces. The reader will see that even within such a restricted scope the subject is rich, involves many concepts and has important applications, both to quantum theory and to pure mathematics. A distinguished role in our work will be played by representations of the canonical commutation and anti-commutation relations . Let us briefly discuss the origin and the meaning of these concepts.
With all its remarkable achievements, Quantum Mechanics as established in the fundamental papers written by Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schro¨dinger, Dirac, etc. contains some inconsistencies and internal contradictions. Quantum mechanics deals with quantum processes in which the number and the type of particles do not vary during their interaction, but only their energy and momentum states. The formalism of Quantum Mechanics is not capable of describing neither the variation of the number of particles, nor the transformation of one type of particle into another type. Even if in some cases the number of particles is allowed to change, this is somewhat forced and inconsistent. For example, Quantum Mechanics is not able to give a satisfactory explanation of the spontaneous emission, in which an electron situated on an excited energy level emits a quanta γ and decays to a lower energy level.
We consider the description of classical oscillatory motion in ZM theory, and explore the relationship of ZM theory to semi-classical Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization. The treatment illustrates some features of ZM theory, especially the inadequacies of classical and semi-classical treatments due to non-analyticity of the mapping of classical trajectories onto the ZM clock field. While the more complete ZM formalism is not developed here, the non-analyticities in the classical treatment resemble issues in the comparison of classical and quantum formalisms. We also show that semi-classical quantization is valid for a periodic manifold in ZM theory, though the quantum number n=0 is allowed, as it would be in quantum mechanics for a periodic manifold. Still, this suggests a connection to the first-order success of Bohr theory in describing the phenomenology of atomic quantum states. The approximate nature of the semi-classical treatment of three dimensional atomic orbits is, however, also apparent in relation to ZM theory. These observations are preliminary to a discussion of ZM theory in relation to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in subsequent papers.