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Journal of Shenyang Normal University

Quantum and Classical Correspondence for Klein-Gordon Equation in Magnetic Field

Wu Chuang

Published Jan 1, 2010• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In the quantum field,due to Bohr correspondence principle,quantum mechanics go to classical mechanics in large quantum number.Based upon Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum matrix element of a Hermitian operator reduces to the coefficient of Fourier expansion of the corresponding classical quantity in the classical limit.Using Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum-classical correspondence of particles in magnetic is studied.Applying Heisenberg correspondence principle in relativistic realm,the exact wave functions of Klein-Gordon equation are obtained for particles in magnetic with quantum matrix element in a rectangular coordinate system of new representation.It turns out that in the classical limit matrix elements of quantum operators reduces to the classical solutions and with classical approach,the coordinate is cyclical variation with time,the orbit of particles is a circle,and the movement is uniform circular motion in uniform magnetic field.

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In the quantum field,due to Bohr correspondence principle,quantum mechanics go to classical mechanics in large quantum number.Based upon Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum matrix element of a Hermitian operator reduces to the coefficient of Fourier expansion of the corresponding classical quantity in the classical limit.Using Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum-classical correspondence of particles in magnetic is studied.Applying Heisenberg correspondence principle in relativistic realm,the exact wave functions of Klein-Gordon equation are obtained for particles in magnetic with quantum matrix element in a rectangular coordinate system of new representation.It turns out that in the classical limit matrix elements of quantum operators reduces to the classical solutions and with classical approach,the coordinate is cyclical variation with time,the orbit of particles is a circle,and the movement is uniform circular motion in uniform magnetic field.
According to Heisenberg correspondence principle,quantum matrix element of a Hermitian operator reduces to the coefficient of Fourier expansion of the corresponding classical quantity in the classical limit.Applying HCP to Dirac equations in relativistic realm,for the relativistic free particle or the charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field,it is shown that quantum operators in Dirac theory reduces to the classical quantities in the classical limit and the classical limit of quantum expectation value is the time average of the classical quantity.
For relativistic particles with spin-0 (satisfying the Klein-Gordon equation) and spin-1/2 (satisfying the Dirac equation) in infinitely deep potential well, matrix elements for the coordinate, momentum and the velocity operators are calculated. In the limit of large quantum numbers, these matrix elements give the corresponding classical quantities (nowbeing related quantities in special relativity) and satisfy exact classical relations. These results show that the Heisenberg correspondence principle is applicable to such relativistic systems.
The exact energy spectrum and wave function of a charged particle moving in the Coulomb field and Aharonov-Bohm's magnetic flux are solved by the nonintegrable phase factor. The universal formula for the matrix elements of the radial operator ${r}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ of arbitrary power $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is given by an analytical solution. The difference between the classical limit of matrix elements of inverse radius in quantum mechanics and the Fourier components of the corresponding quantity for the pure Coulomb system in classical mechanics is examined in reference to the correspondence principle of Heisenberg. Explicit calculation shows that the influence of nonlocal Aharonov-Bohm effect exists even in the classical limit. The semiclassical quantization rule for systems containing the topological effect is presented in the light of Heisenberg's corresponding principle.
It has recently been shown that the classical electric and magnetic fields which satisfy the source-free Maxwell equations can be linearly mapped into the real and imaginary parts of a transverse-vector wave function which in consequence satisfies the time-dependent Schroedinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator is physically appropriate to the free photon. The free-particle Klein-Gordon equation for scalar fields modestly extends the classical wave equation via a mass term. It is physically untenable for complex-valued wave functions, but has a sound nonnegative conserved-energy functional when it is restricted to real-valued classical fields. Canonical Hamiltonization and a further canonical transformation maps the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon field and its canonical conjugate into the real and imaginary parts of a scalar wave function (within a constant factor) which in consequence satisfies the time-dependent Schroedinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator has the natural correspondence-principle relativistic square-root form for a free particle, with a mass that matches the Klein-Gordon field theory's mass term. Quantization of the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon field is thus second quantization of this natural correspondence-principle first-quantized relativistic Schroedinger equation. Source-free electromagnetism is treated in a parallel manner, but with the classical scalar Klein-Gordon field replaced by a transverse vector potential that satisfies the classical wave equation. This reproduces the previous first-quantized results that were based on Maxwell's source-free electric and magnetic field equations.
Based on the Bohr's correspondence principle it is shown that relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics may be considered as generalizations of classical mechanics. A comparative description of relativistic and classical mechanics is given using three main principles: the definition of momentum, the main law of dynamics (Newton's second law) and the law of conservation of energy. The difference of relativistic mechanics from classical mechanics is due to the new definition of momentum that is proportional to energy and velocity. It is shown that new relativistic laws of dynamics make it necessary to change kinematical relations of classical mechanics such as the law of velocity composition, coordinate transformation etc. It is demonstrated that quantum mechanics may be considered as a rational statistical generalization of classical mechanics. Statistical conformities in quantum mechanics are fundamental and are not due to the incomplete information about the system. From all possible multi-parametric statistical models the root model is most remarkable. Constructing of a root multi-parametric statistical model leads to obtaining such frequencies and base functions in Fourier decomposition so that classical laws of motion are fulfilled in average. Root model leads to a consistent condition that connects eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a mechanical system that is described by a matrix equation of Heisenberg. Matrix equation of Heisenberg leads to an operator equation. The solution of the operator equation may be considered as the construction of Hamiltonian of the system and a move to the Schrodinger representation. The considered approach naturally leads to the notion of momentum operator, fundamental commutation relations, density matrix and Liouville equation construction etc.