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Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales

Encriptación óptica de información con recuperación libre de ruido

John Fredy Barrera, Roberto Torroba

Published Nov 16, 2015• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The information protection systems based on optical processors, employing a double random phase mask encryption technique, allow data securely handling, but the recovery is not noise-free. Although the system security is provided by the optical processor enabling the information encoding, we demonstrate in this contribution that noise-free recovery is indeed possible by including the quick response coding, without altering the data protection process. The information to be protected is first converted into a quick response code or QR code, and then this code is optically encrypted. The decrypted QR code exhibits the usual noise produced by the random phase masks along with the involved opto-digital processing. Finally, when scanning the decrypted QR code we recover the original information without noise. We include the theoretical description of the optical processor, as well as we show experimental results that corroborate the validity and applicability of the security system.© 2015. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.

DOI
10.18257/raccefyn.259

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•Jan 1, 2014•1 citation
The information protection systems based on optical processors, employing a double random phase mask encryption technique, allow data securely handling, but the recovery is not noise-free. Although the system security is provided by the optical processor enabling the information encoding, we demonstrate in this contribution that noise-free recovery is indeed possible by including the quick response coding, without altering the data protection process. The information to be protected is first converted into a quick response code or QR code, and then this code is optically encrypted. The decrypted QR code exhibits the usual noise produced by the random phase masks along with the involved opto-digital processing. Finally, when scanning the decrypted QR code we recover the original information without noise. We include the theoretical description of the optical processor, as well as we show experimental results that corroborate the validity and applicability of the security system.© 2015. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.
In this contribution the implementation of an experimental data protection system based on optical processing is presented, and the reliability of the recovered information when there is data loss during transmission is analyzed. The information is encrypted using an optical joint transform correlation architecture together with a double phase mask encoding technique. An authorized user recovers the original information when accessing the encoded data and the security key; if an intruder intersects the encoded image but does not possess the security key there is no possibility to access to the information contained in the encrypted image. The theoretical description and the experimental results show the ability the security systems exhibits to protect and recover the information by optical means, including the tolerance to data loss during transmission. © 2015. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.Alfalou, A., Brosseau, C.2009. Optical image compression andOptical image compression and encryption methods. Adv.Opt. Photon1:589-636.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006a. Multiplexing encryption-decryption via lateralshifting of a random phase mask. Opt. Commun.259:532-536.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006b. Multiplexing encrypted data by using polarizedlight. Opt. Commun.260:109-112.Barrera, J.F., Henao, R., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2006c.Multiple image encryption using an aperture-modulated optical system. Opt. Commun.261:29-33.Barrera, J.F., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini, N.2009.Multiplexing encryption technique by combining randomamplitude and phase masks.Optik120:351-355.Barrera, J.F., Rueda, E., Ríos, C., Tebaldi, M., Bolognini, N.,Torroba, R.2011.Experimental opto-digital synthesis ofencrypted sub-samples of an image to improve its decodedquality.Opt. Commun.284:4350-4355.Barrera, J.F., Torroba, R.2010. One step multiplexing opticalencryption. Opt. Commun.283:1268-1272.Barrera, J.F., Vargas, C., Tebaldi, M., Torroba, R., Bolognini,N.2010.Known-plaintext attack on a joint transformcorrelator encrypting system. Opt. Lett.35:3553-3555.Bellare, M., Desai, A., Pointcheval, D., Rogaway, P.1998. Rela-tions Among Notions Security for Public-Key EncryptionSchemes.Lecture Notes in Computer1492:26-46.Carnicer, A., Montes-Usategui, M., Arcos, S., Juvells, I.2005.Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of opticalencryption schemes based on double random phase keys.Opt. Lett.30:1644-1646.Camp-Winget, N., Housley, R., Wagner, D., Walker, J.2003.Security flaws data links protocols.Communications of theACM46:35-39.Graydon, O.2013. Cryptography: Quick response codes, NaturePhotonics7:343.Javidi, B., Zhang, G., Li, J.1996. Experimental demonstration ofthe random phase encoding technique for image encryptionand security verification. Opt. Eng.35:2506-2512.Javidi, B., Esmail, A., Zhang, G.(Abril 3, 2012). Opticalsecurity system using Fourier plane encoding. U.S. patent8,150,033 B2.Matoba, O., Javidi, B.1999. Encrypted optical memory systemusing three-dimensional keys in the Fresnel domain. Opt.Lett.24:762-764.Nomura, T., Javidi B.2000.Optical encryption using a jointtransform correlator architecture.Opt. Eng.39:2031-2035.Nomura, T., Pérez-Cabré, E., Millán, M.S., Javidi, B.2009.Optical Techniques for Information Security. Proc. IEEE97:1128-1148.Pile, D.2010.Optical encryption: The ghost holds a secret.NaturePhotonics4:587.Refregier, P., Javidi, B.1995. Optical image encryption based oninput plane and Fourier plane random encoding. Opt. Lett.20:767-769.Shannon, C.1949. Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.Bell Systems Technical Journal28:656-715.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2004. Double random-phase encoding in theFresnel domain. Opt. Lett.29:1584-1586.Situ, G., Zhang, J.2005. Multiple-image encryption by wavelengthmultiplexing. Opt. Lett.30:1306-1308.Unnikrishnan, G., Joseph, J., Singh K.1998. Optical encryptionsystem that uses phase conjugation in a photorefractivecrystal.Appl. Opt.31:8181-8186.Unnikrishnan, G.; Joseph, J.; Singh, K.2000. Optical encryptionby double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourierdomain. Opt. Lett.25:887-889.Wang, X., Zhao, D.2012.Double images encryption methodwith resistance against the specific attack based on anasymmetric algorithm.Opt. Express20:11994-12003.
In holographic encryption, double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain (DRPEiFD) is a prevalent encryption method because it is lensless and secure.However, noises bring adverse effects during decryption.In this letter, we introduce quick-response (QR) coding during encryption to resist noises.We transform the original information into a QR code and then encrypt the code as a hologram through DRPEiFD.To retrieve the input, we decrypt the hologram in the opposite manner to the encryption and subsequently obtain a QR code with noises.By scanning this code with proper applications in smartphones, we can obtain a noise-free retrieval.Numerical experiments and images scanned by a smartphone are shown to validate our proposed method.
In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.
Abstract Coherent optical encryption procedures introduce speckle noise to the output, limiting many practical applications. Until now the only method available to avoid this noise is to codify the information to be processed into a container that is encrypted instead of the original data. Although the decrypted container presents the noise due to the optical processing, their features remain recognizable enough to allow decoding, bringing the original information free of any kind of degradation. The first adopted containers were the quick response (QR) codes. However, the limitations of optical encryption procedures and the features of QR codes imply that in practice only simple codes containing small amounts of data can be processed without large experimental requirements. In order to overcome this problem, we introduce the first tailor made container to be processed in optical cryptosystems, ensuring larger noise tolerance and the ability to process more information with less experimental requirements. We present both simulations and experimental results to demonstrate the advantages of our proposal.
Abstract Optical encryption is an actively developing field of science. The majority of encryption techniques use coherent illumination and suffer from speckle noise, which severely limits their applicability. The spatially incoherent encryption technique does not have this drawback, but its effectiveness is dependent on the Fourier spectrum properties of the image to be encrypted. The application of a quick response (QR) code in the capacity of a data container solves this problem, and the embedded error correction code also enables errorless decryption. The optical encryption of digital information in the form of QR codes using spatially incoherent illumination was implemented experimentally. The encryption is based on the optical convolution of the image to be encrypted with the kinoform point spread function, which serves as an encryption key. Two liquid crystal spatial light modulators were used in the experimental setup for the QR code and the kinoform imaging, respectively. The quality of the encryption and decryption was analyzed in relation to the QR code size. Decryption was conducted digitally. The successful decryption of encrypted QR codes of up to 129 × 129 pixels was demonstrated. A comparison with the coherent QR code encryption technique showed that the proposed technique has a signal-to-noise ratio that is at least two times higher.
We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.