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Chinese Physics B

New protocols for non-orthogonal quantum key distribution

Yuanyuan Zhou, Xuejun Zhou, Pei-Gen Tian, Yingjian Wang

Published Jan 1, 2013• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Combining the passive decoy-state idea with the active decoy-state idea, a non-orthogonal (SARG04) decoy-state protocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states is introduced based on a heralded pair coherent state photon source for quantum key distribution. Two special cases of this protocol are deduced, i.e., a one-vacuum-and-one-weak-decoy-state protocol and a one-weak-decoy-state protocol. In these protocols, the sender prepares decoy states actively, which avoids the crude estimation of parameters in the SARG04 passive decoy-state method. With the passive decoy-state idea, the detection events on Bob's side that are non-triggered on Alice's side are not discarded, but used to estimate the fractions of single-photon and two-photon pulses, which offsets the limitation of the detector's low efficiency and overcomes the shortcoming that the performance of the active decoy-state protocol critically depends on the efficiency of detector. The simulation results show that the combination of the active and passive decoy-state ideas increases the key generation rate. With a one-vacuum-and-two-weak-decoy-state protocol, one can achieve a key generation rate that is close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. The performance of the other two protocols is a little less than with the former, but the implementation is easier. Under the same condition of implementation, higher key rates can be obtained with our protocols than with existing methods.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/22/1/010305

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Combining the passive decoy-state idea with the active decoy-state idea, a non-orthogonal (SARG04) decoy-state protocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states is introduced based on a heralded pair coherent state photon source for quantum key distribution. Two special cases of this protocol are deduced, i.e., a one-vacuum-and-one-weak-decoy-state protocol and a one-weak-decoy-state protocol. In these protocols, the sender prepares decoy states actively, which avoids the crude estimation of parameters in the SARG04 passive decoy-state method. With the passive decoy-state idea, the detection events on Bob's side that are non-triggered on Alice's side are not discarded, but used to estimate the fractions of single-photon and two-photon pulses, which offsets the limitation of the detector's low efficiency and overcomes the shortcoming that the performance of the active decoy-state protocol critically depends on the efficiency of detector. The simulation results show that the combination of the active and passive decoy-state ideas increases the key generation rate. With a one-vacuum-and-two-weak-decoy-state protocol, one can achieve a key generation rate that is close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. The performance of the other two protocols is a little less than with the former, but the implementation is easier. Under the same condition of implementation, higher key rates can be obtained with our protocols than with existing methods.
Based on the heralded single photon source (HSPS),the non-orthogonal (SARG04) decoy stateprotocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states was deduced.Combining the two weak decoy statesin the above protocols,a simple protocol with one vacuum and one weak decoy state was presented for eas-ier implementation.Combining the passive decoy state method with the active decoy state method in theabove protocols,the non-trigger detection events on Bob's side were not discarded but were used to esti-mate the fractions and the quantum bit error rates (QBER) of single-photon and two-photon pulse and togenerate the secure key.The simulation results show that the key generation rate of quantum key distribu-tion (QKD) is increased by the passive decoy idea,that the key generation rate is close to the theoreticallimit of infinite decoy state protocol.Under the same implementation condition,the transmission distanceis longer and the key generation rate of QKD for SARG04 is higher than that of QKD for BB84.
A nonorthogonal passive decoy-state method is presented with a reconstructive weak coherent state source. The method dose not prepare decoy states actively and divides the receiver detection events into two groups, i.e., triggered components and nontriggered components, according to triggering situation of the sender detector. Both triggered and nontriggered components, as signal states and decoy states, are used to do some estimations and to generate secure key. The simulation results show that a better key generation rate and a longer secure transmission distance can be obtained with the nonorthogonal passive decoy-state method than with the existing passive methods, and that the performance is comparable to the theoretical limit of an active infinite decoy-state protocol. Furthermore, the nontriggered component contribution to key generation offsets the limitation of the detector low efficiency, and the performance of the method dose not depend on the detector efficiency of sender. Because decoy states need not be prepared actively, and our protocol is easy to implement and apply to quantum key distribution at high transmission rates.
We present a new scheme for realizing passive decoy-state quantum key distribution with the SARG04 protocol. It is based on parametric down-conversion sources, and we do not need to modulate the pumping light into different intensities. By applying local-mode-splitting detections on Alice’s side, legitimate users can obtain four different kinds of counting events on Bob’s side, due to intrinsic correlations between photon pairs from parametric down-conversion processes. In the new scheme, we do not need to modulate signal pulses into different intensities and can, thus, avoid introducing any intensity modulating uncertainty. As a result, quite precise estimations of single- or multi-photon-pulse contributions can be obtained, enabling better performance of the key generation rate and transmission distance compared with other existing SARG04 protocols, e.g., the four-intensity decoy-state method using either parametric down-conversion sources or weak coherent sources. Besides, through comparisons, we also find that the proposed new passive decoy-state SARG04 protocol can also show some superiority over the conventional three-intensity decoy-state BB84 protocol at long transmission distances under certain experimental conditions.
For the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution, longer distance and higher key generation rate is shown with a heralded single photon source (HSPS). In this paper, the nonorthogonal encoding protocol SARG04 based on one vacuum and two weak decoy states with HSPS is presented. According to the public announcement of Alice's detection events, the overall gain of Bob's detector and quantum bit error rate (QBER) can be divided into two groups, triggered components and nontriggered components. We present a new protocol that use both triggered and nontriggered components to estimate the fraction and QBER of single-photon and two-photon pulses, and then deduce the final secure key generation rate. The final key generation rate over transmission distance is simulated, which shows that we can obtain a higher key rate than that of the existing methods.
Decoy states have recently been proposed as a useful protocol for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD). The passive decoy-state protocol has the advantage of easier implementation, higher transmission rate and better security compared with the active decoy-state protocol. This paper analyzes the passive decoy-state protocol with different light sources, including the lastest passive state protocol with weak coherent state (WCS) and the simple passive state protocol (AYKI) with heralded single photon source (HSPS). Based on the theoretic discussion and numerical simulation, we obtain the conclusion that the passive decoy-state protocol with HSPS is easier to implement than the passive decoy-state protocol with WCS because the latter need a hardware change but the former dose not involve any hardware change on the statnard QKD scheme. The key generation rate of the passive decoy-state protocol with WCS is better than that of the passive decoy-state protocol with HSPS, but the transmission distance is less than the latter. Anyhow, the performance of the passive scheme with a threshold detector is close to the active one.
Recently the performance of the quantum key distribution (QKD) is substantially improved by the decoy state method and the non-orthogonal encoding protocol, separately. In this paper, a practical non-orthogonal decoy state protocol with a heralded single photon source (HSPS) for QKD is presented. The protocol is based on 4 states with different intensities, i.e. one signal state and three decoy states. The signal state is for generating keys; the decoy states are for detecting the eavesdropping and estimating the fraction of single-photon and two-photon pulses. We have discussed three cases of this protocol, i.e. the general case, the optimal case and the special case. Moreover, the final key rate over transmission distance is simulated. For the low dark count of the HSPS and the utilization of the two-photon pulses, our protocol has a higher key rate and a longer transmission distance than any other decoy state protocol.