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Chinese Physics B

Practical non-orthogonal decoy state quantum key distribution with heralded single photon source

Mi Jing-Long, Wang Fa-Qiang, Lin Qing-Qun, Ruisheng Liang

Published Apr 1, 2008• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently the performance of the quantum key distribution (QKD) is substantially improved by the decoy state method and the non-orthogonal encoding protocol, separately. In this paper, a practical non-orthogonal decoy state protocol with a heralded single photon source (HSPS) for QKD is presented. The protocol is based on 4 states with different intensities, i.e. one signal state and three decoy states. The signal state is for generating keys; the decoy states are for detecting the eavesdropping and estimating the fraction of single-photon and two-photon pulses. We have discussed three cases of this protocol, i.e. the general case, the optimal case and the special case. Moreover, the final key rate over transmission distance is simulated. For the low dark count of the HSPS and the utilization of the two-photon pulses, our protocol has a higher key rate and a longer transmission distance than any other decoy state protocol.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/17/4/005

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Recently the performance of the quantum key distribution (QKD) is substantially improved by the decoy state method and the non-orthogonal encoding protocol, separately. In this paper, a practical non-orthogonal decoy state protocol with a heralded single photon source (HSPS) for QKD is presented. The protocol is based on 4 states with different intensities, i.e. one signal state and three decoy states. The signal state is for generating keys; the decoy states are for detecting the eavesdropping and estimating the fraction of single-photon and two-photon pulses. We have discussed three cases of this protocol, i.e. the general case, the optimal case and the special case. Moreover, the final key rate over transmission distance is simulated. For the low dark count of the HSPS and the utilization of the two-photon pulses, our protocol has a higher key rate and a longer transmission distance than any other decoy state protocol.
For the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution, longer distance and higher key generation rate is shown with a heralded single photon source (HSPS). In this paper, the nonorthogonal encoding protocol SARG04 based on one vacuum and two weak decoy states with HSPS is presented. According to the public announcement of Alice's detection events, the overall gain of Bob's detector and quantum bit error rate (QBER) can be divided into two groups, triggered components and nontriggered components. We present a new protocol that use both triggered and nontriggered components to estimate the fraction and QBER of single-photon and two-photon pulses, and then deduce the final secure key generation rate. The final key generation rate over transmission distance is simulated, which shows that we can obtain a higher key rate than that of the existing methods.
Based on the heralded single photon source (HSPS),the non-orthogonal (SARG04) decoy stateprotocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states was deduced.Combining the two weak decoy statesin the above protocols,a simple protocol with one vacuum and one weak decoy state was presented for eas-ier implementation.Combining the passive decoy state method with the active decoy state method in theabove protocols,the non-trigger detection events on Bob's side were not discarded but were used to esti-mate the fractions and the quantum bit error rates (QBER) of single-photon and two-photon pulse and togenerate the secure key.The simulation results show that the key generation rate of quantum key distribu-tion (QKD) is increased by the passive decoy idea,that the key generation rate is close to the theoreticallimit of infinite decoy state protocol.Under the same implementation condition,the transmission distanceis longer and the key generation rate of QKD for SARG04 is higher than that of QKD for BB84.
Quantum key generation rate of decoy state quantum key distribution(QKD) with a heralded single-photon source(HSPS) is deduced.Relationship between quantum key generation rate and detection efficiency of sender is discussed.Optimal intensities and key generation rate of decoy state QKD with a weak coherent pulse(WCP) and an HSPS are analyzed.It shows that key generation rate increases with increase of detection efficiency of sender and its security distance is the same as with a perfect single photon source.Decoy state QKD increases security distance and key rate of QKD.Due to less dark counts QKD with HSPS works longer distance than WCP.
Decoy state has recently been proved as a useful method for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD). Considering the imperfect extinction ratio and the spontaneous emission of the practical Laser, vacuum states are not prepared easily. So in this paper, the optimal situation of the decoy state protocol applied to the QKD system with heralded single photon source (HSPS) is complemented and extended. The two weak decoy state protocol and the one decoy state protocol are proposed. At last, the theory of “dual detectors" is combined with the QKD system with HSPS. In the simulation, the secure distance is up to 2215 km, which is approximately 50 km more than that of the on-off detectors.
Recently, a long-distance and high-key-rate quantum key distribution (QKD) has become possible by the idea of the decoy state method. We show that a longer distance QKD is possible by utilizing a heralded single-photon source (HSPS) utilizing spontaneous parametric down-conversion as a source instead of a weak coherent pulse (WCP) as proposed in the original decoy state method. Moreover, the key rate is improved by utilizing a presently available photon number resolving detector as a trigger detector of the HSPS, and it is shown to approach the key rate of the WCP.