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Remark on quantum mechanics with conformal Galilean symmetry

Russian Federation

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Conformal Galilei algebra contains so(1,2) subalgebra which is the conformal algebra in one dimension. In this note we generalize methods previously developed for one–dimensional many–body systems and construct a unitary map relating a quantum mechanics invariant under the conformal Galilean transformations to a set of decoupled particles for which the same symmetry is realized in a nonlocal way. Possible applications of the map are discussed.

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Conformal Galilei algebra contains so(1,2) subalgebra which is the conformal algebra in one dimension. In this note we generalize methods previously developed for one–dimensional many–body systems and construct a unitary map relating a quantum mechanics invariant under the conformal Galilean transformations to a set of decoupled particles for which the same symmetry is realized in a nonlocal way. Possible applications of the map are discussed.
The Galilean symmetry of a free particle in one-dimensional space is examined under the scope of non-Abelian quantum kinematics. Within the Hilbert space that carries the regular ray representation of the Galilei group the Schrödinger operator appears as one of the three fundamental invariants of the extended kinematic algebra. By means of a superselection rule the physical Hilbert subspaces of the system are identified, in which a complementary ray representation of the Galilean transformation produces the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and the Feynman space-time propagator. The quantization approach used in this paper is purely group theoretic and relativistic.
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Symmetry in quantum mechanicsRoughly speaking, a symmetry of some mathematical object is an invertible transformation that leaves all relevant structure as it is.Thus a symmetry of a set is just a bijection (as sets have no further structure, whence invertibility is the only demand on a symmetry), a symmetry of a topological space is a homeomorphism, a symmetry of a Banach space is a linear isometric isomorphism, and, crucially important for this chapter, a symmetry of a Hilbert space H is a unitary operator, i.e., a linear map u : H → H satisfying one and hence all of the following equivalent conditions:• u is invertible and preserves the inner product, i.e., uϕ, uψ = ϕ, ψ (ϕ, ψ ∈ H).The discussion of symmetries in quantum physics is based on the above idea, but the mathematically obvious choices need not be the physically relevant ones.Even in elementary quantum mechanics, where A = B(H), i.e., the C*-algebra of all bounded operators on some Hilbert space H, the concept of a symmetry is already diverse.The main structures whose symmetries we shall study in this chapter are:1.The normal pure state space P 1 (H), i.e., the set of one-dimensional projections on H, with transition probability τ : P 1 (H) × P 1 (H) → [0, 1] defined by (2.44).2. The normal state space D(H), i.e. the convex set of density operators ρ on H. The self-adjoint operators B(H)sa on H, seen as a Jordan algebra (see below).4. The effects E (H) = [0, 1] B(H) , seen as a convex partially ordered set (poset). 5.The projections P(H) on H, seen as an orthocomplemented lattice.6.The unital commutative C*-subalgebras C (B(H)) of B(H), seen as a poset.Each of these structures comes with its own notion of a symmetry, but the main point of this chapter will be to show these notions are equivalent, corresponding in all cases to either unitary or-surprisingly-anti-unitary operators, both merely defined up to a phase.The latter subtlety will open the world of projective unitary group representation to quantum mechanics (without which the existence of spin-1 2 particles such as electrons, and therewith also of ourselves, would be impossible).
After a schematic examination of the ’’physical’’ representations of the Galilei group, a quantum mechanical description is drawn from a ’’laboratory’’ one in the case of a free elementary system with spin, assuming that the kinematical group is the Galilei group. In fact, the ’’laboratory states’’ of the system naturally fit in a Galilei−Hilbert bundle. Then, according to the general theory of the unitary representations of groups in the framework of Hilbert bundles which is outlined in this paper, a unitary representation of the Galilei group is constructed which is shown to contain all the physical Galilei representations. The quantum mechanical description which has been obtained in this way gives rise to an algebra of observables by means of a general procedure which connects a unitary representation of a Lie group with a Hilbert representation of the corresponding Lie algebra. The inner energy is shown to be a superobservable for the system under consideration. Moreover, the kinematical properties of such a system are independent of the values of the inner energy.
The history of how quantum mechanics was developed is a fascinating one and underlies the focus of this book; namely, given the rules that the founders of quantum mechanics developed, is it possible to find principles that lead to the structure of quantum mechanics as it was historically formulated? This is the first book in a series of works considering what particular relativity is applicable to a given dynamical theory. The series considers Newton, Einstein, and de Sitter relativities, while this book examines the unitary irreducible representations of the Galilei group and see how they provide the framework for Galilean quantum theory.