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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment using a pair of light quanta produced by nonlinear optical parametric downconversion

C. O. Alley, Yanhua H. Shih

Published Apr 26, 1987• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The first experiment to realize Bohm’s gedanken experiment, inspired by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in their famous paper published in 1935,1 was a measurement of the polarization correlation between a pair of high-energy photons produced by the spin zero positronium annihilation.2
DOI
10.13016/m2f8l8-lmvl

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A pair of correlated light quanta of 532-nm wavelength with the same linear polarization but divergent directions of propagation was produced by nonlinear optical parametric down conversion. Each light quantum was converted to a definite polarization eigenstate and was reflected by a turning mirror to superpose with the other at a beam splitter. For coincident detection at separated detectors, polarization correlations of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm type were observed. We also observed a violation of Bell's inequality by 3 standard deviations.
Polarization entangled photon pairs Throughout his life, Albert Einstein was never reconciled to quantum theory being an essentially indeterministic description of natural processes, even though he himself contributed fundamental ideas to its development. “God does not play dice” was his inner conviction. In his opinion, quantum theory was only makeshift. His doubts about the completeness of the quantum mechanical description were expressed concisely in a paper published jointly with Podolsky and Rosen (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, 1935). This paper analyzes a sophisticated Gedanken experiment, now famous as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, which has excited theoreticians ever since. The Gedanken experiment was recently realized in a laboratory. The analyzed objects are photon pairs – and this is what has motivated us to dedicate a chapter to this problem which has bearing upon the foundations of quantum mechanics. The photon pairs are formed by two photons generated in sequence (in a so-called cascade transition, as shown in Fig. 11.1). Due to the validity of the angular momentum conservation law (discussed in Section 6.9) for the elementary emission process, the two photons exhibit specifically quantum mechanical correlations, which are incompatible with the classical reality concept, as will be discussed in detail below. How do the correlations appear in detail? Let us assume the initial state of the atom to be a state with angular momentum (spin) J = 0, the intermediate state to have angular momentum J = 1, and the final state to have again J = 0.
We report a new two-photon polarization correlation experiment for realizing the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) state and for testing Bell-type inequalities. We use the pair of orthogonally polarized light quanta generated in type-II parametric down-conversion. In a 1 nm bandwidth, we observe from the output of a 0.5 mm \ensuremath{\beta}-BaB2{\mathrm{BaB}}_{2}BaB2​O4{\mathrm{O}}_{4}O4​ crystal the EPRB correlations in coincidence counts, and measure an associated Bell inequality violation of 22 standard deviations.
We report a new two-photon polarization correlation experiment for realizing the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) state and for testing Bell-type inequalities. We use the pair of orthogonally-polarized light quanta generated in Type 2 parametric down conversion. Using 1 nm interference filters in front of our detectors, we observe from the output of a 0.5mm beta - BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal the EPRB correlations in coincidence counts, and measure an associated Bell inequality violation of 22 standard deviations. The quantum state of the photon pair is a polarization analog of the spin-1/2 singlet state.
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen (EPR) published a thought experiment that is entirely correct, has been demonstrated in real experiments, and is now the most famous in quantum physics. Their pioneering work described, for the first time, quantum correlations and can be regarded as a very early glimpse into today's 'deep' quantum technologies, by which I mean those that enhance functionality by making use of quantum correlations. However, their work also contains a paradox that Erwin Schroedinger had already recognised as such in 1935 and which has since been cemented by the so-called Bell experiments. Here, I am now able to pinpoint the origin of the paradox within the chain of reasoning, which ultimately resolves the paradox.