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Optics Letters

Observation of rubidium 5S_1/2→7S_1/2 two-photon transitions with a diode laser

Ming-Sheng Ko, Yi-Wei Liu

Published Aug 1, 2004• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The 5S1/2 --> 7S1/2 two-photon transition of atomic rubidium, which is 100 times weaker than the 5S-5D transition, is observed with an extended-cavity diode laser and a vapor cell. Signals with a signal-to-noise ratio of 280 are obtained with a laser power of 10 mW, and the observed linewidth is 3 MHz. The laser wavelength is 760 nm and is locked on the transitions to a stability of 2 x 10(-11). For the first time to our knowledge, the isotope shift of this transition is measured to be 130(4) MHz in atomic frequency.

DOI
10.1364/ol.29.001799

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Optical wavelength standards, based on the optical transitions of atoms or molecules, provide ultra-high precision frequency references and are the core technology of next-generation optical clocks. Their stability far exceeds that of the microwave frequency range, laying the foundation for precision metrology and cutting-edge scientific research. The wavelength standard device based on the 5S1/2-5D3/2 hyperfine level two-photon transition of 87Rb atoms exhibits significant advantages such as no Doppler broadening, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and potential for miniaturization and chip integration, showing important application potential in precision measurement fields like rubidium atomic clocks and optical communication. In this paper, an experimental setup for two-photon transition was constructed using an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), achieving stable locking of the 778 nm wavelength by modulating the laser current. The effects of the temperature and length of the atomic vapor cell on the blue fluorescence linewidth, SNR, and frequency stability were systematically studied, further optimizing the system. By using an atomic vapor cell designed at Brewster's angle, optical reflection loss was effectively reduced, compensating for the impact of shortened optical path on frequency stability in miniaturized atomic vapor cells. This provides new research directions and performance enhancement solutions for the miniaturization and chip integration of two-photon transition systems. In the improved system, a Brewster-angle glass vapor cell with a length of 30 mm was used and heated to 110°C, achieving a linewidth of 1.69 MHz full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a SNR of 20 dB. The system demonstrated a instability of 9.86×10-11 over a 1-second averaging time and a minimum instability of 5.79×10-11 over a 5.7-second averaging time. This achievement provides key technological support for the practical application of the next generation of miniaturized optical atomic clocks, with the potential for widespread use in portable metrology equipment and space science through integrated design and noise suppression optimization in the future.

Applied Optics and Photonics China (AOPC)•Oct 28, 2025•0 citations
The 5S1/2 --> 7S1/2 two-photon transition of atomic rubidium, which is 100 times weaker than the 5S-5D transition, is observed with an extended-cavity diode laser and a vapor cell. Signals with a signal-to-noise ratio of 280 are obtained with a laser power of 10 mW, and the observed linewidth is 3 MHz. The laser wavelength is 760 nm and is locked on the transitions to a stability of 2 x 10(-11). For the first time to our knowledge, the isotope shift of this transition is measured to be 130(4) MHz in atomic frequency.
Accessing the 5S1/2→5D5/2\rm 5S_{1/2} \rightarrow 5D_{5/2}5S1/2​→5D5/2​ two-photon transition in Rb using a diode laser system
We report observation of the 5S1/2→5D5/2\rm 5S_{1/2} \rightarrow 5D_{5/2}5S1/2​→5D5/2​ two-photon transition in Rb vapor at 778 nm, using an external cavity diode laser system and a heated vapor cell. The spectra in the two isotopes show well-resolved hyperfine transitions. The peaks are Doppler free, and have a Lorentzian lineshape with a typical linewidth of 2.2 MHz. This linewidth is larger than the natural linewidth of 300 kHz, but is still 5--10 times smaller than the linewidth for single-photon transitions in the D2_22​ line. Since the absolute frequency of this transition is measured with 8 kHz precision, it can form a better secondary reference in the optical regime compared to the D2_22​ line.
We have performed high resolution spectroscopy of rubidium with a single mode continuous wave distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode. The saturation spectrum of the D 2 -line of 85 Rb and 87 Rb was recorded with a resolution close to the natural line width. The emission frequency was actively stabilized to Doppler-free transitions with a relative accuracy of better than 7 parts in 10 9 using commercially available servo devices only. An output power of 80 mW was sufficient to allow for two-photon spectroscopy of the 5S-5D-transition of 87 Rb. Further, we report on the spectral properties of the DFB diode, its tuning range and its frequency modulation properties. The line width of the diode laser, determined with high resolution Doppler free two photon spectroscopy, was 4 MHz without applying any active stabilization techniques. For time scales below 5 μs the line width drops below 2 MHz.
Improvements in the power level of sources near 1550 nm and in the efficiency of waveguide frequency doublers enabled us to lock a frequency-doubled source directly to the 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) two-photon transitions near 778 nm. We obtained a sufficiently powerful second-harmonic signal, exceeding 2 mW, by doubling an external-cavity diode laser that was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) channel waveguide. Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing compact, high-performance frequency standards near 1550 nm for fiber-optic communication and sensing applications.
Optical wavelength standards, based on the optical transitions of atoms or molecules, provide ultra-high precision frequency references and are the core technology of next-generation optical clocks. Their stability far exceeds that of the microwave frequency range, laying the foundation for precision metrology and cutting-edge scientific research. The wavelength standard device based on the 5S1/2-5D3/2 hyperfine level two-photon transition of 87Rb atoms exhibits significant advantages such as no Doppler broadening, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and potential for miniaturization and chip integration, showing important application potential in precision measurement fields like rubidium atomic clocks and optical communication. In this paper, an experimental setup for two-photon transition was constructed using an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), achieving stable locking of the 778 nm wavelength by modulating the laser current. The effects of the temperature and length of the atomic vapor cell on the blue fluorescence linewidth, SNR, and frequency stability were systematically studied, further optimizing the system. By using an atomic vapor cell designed at Brewster's angle, optical reflection loss was effectively reduced, compensating for the impact of shortened optical path on frequency stability in miniaturized atomic vapor cells. This provides new research directions and performance enhancement solutions for the miniaturization and chip integration of two-photon transition systems. In the improved system, a Brewster-angle glass vapor cell with a length of 30 mm was used and heated to 110°C, achieving a linewidth of 1.69 MHz full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a SNR of 20 dB. The system demonstrated a instability of 9.86×10-11 over a 1-second averaging time and a minimum instability of 5.79×10-11 over a 5.7-second averaging time. This achievement provides key technological support for the practical application of the next generation of miniaturized optical atomic clocks, with the potential for widespread use in portable metrology equipment and space science through integrated design and noise suppression optimization in the future.