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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Modulation of the resonance frequency of superconducting microwave resonators

Shinho Cho, Chang-Sik Son Chang-Sik Son

Published Jun 1, 2003• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The microwave transmission characteristics of superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) meander line resonators have been investigated as a function of temperature, optical pulse energy, and input power. The measurements are performed in a temperature range from 20 K to 80 K. The optical excitation consists of a 70 psec laser pulse train at 532 nm from an actively mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. The optical pulse energy is mapped out from zero to the critical optical pulse energy at which the resonance can no longer be distinguished. The measured resonance frequency shows a squared dependence on both the temperature and the optical pulse energy. As for the dependence on input power, the resonant frequency linearly decreases at a rate of 148 kHz/dBm at 50 K.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2003.812424

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arXiv:2303.15914•AIP Advances•Oct 1, 2023•3 citations
The microwave transmission characteristics of superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) meander line resonators have been investigated as a function of temperature, optical pulse energy, and input power. The measurements are performed in a temperature range from 20 K to 80 K. The optical excitation consists of a 70 psec laser pulse train at 532 nm from an actively mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. The optical pulse energy is mapped out from zero to the critical optical pulse energy at which the resonance can no longer be distinguished. The measured resonance frequency shows a squared dependence on both the temperature and the optical pulse energy. As for the dependence on input power, the resonant frequency linearly decreases at a rate of 148 kHz/dBm at 50 K.
The change in the resonant frequency of YBa2Cu3O7−x meander lines under thermal and optical perturbations was used to determine whether pair breaking effects are induced either by bolometric or nonbolometric responses. The frequency-domain measurements were performed by monitoring the change of both the microwave resonance mode frequency and frequency width. The variation of the resonant frequency induced by two external perturbations shows a quadratic dependence on each perturbation in the range of 0.28Xc–0.56Xc. A perturbation to the fourth dependence is observed above 0.63Xc, where Xc is either the critical temperature or the critical optical pulse energy at which resonance can no longer be distinguished. The results suggest that the photoresponse of the superconducting meander line is bolometric due to laser heating.
Using the method of time-domain optoelectronic sampling spectroscopy, we have tuned the ultrafast electrical pulse propagating through YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) transmission lines as a function of temperature and optical pulse energy. Electrical pulses are generated by photoconductively shorting charged semiconducting optical switches with 70 psec optical pulses at 532 nm. The optically generated and detected electrical pulses have frequencies extending up to 100 GHz. The superconducting transmission lines are microstrip spiral lines on the LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. By varying the optical pulse energy from 0 to 23 pJ, the delay time through the 66-mm-long superconducting line is tuned by 54 psec at 55 K and shows a quadratic dependence on the optical pulse energy. As for the 250 mm-long transmission line, the delay of 69 psec is observed as the temperature increases from 26 K to 63 K.
This paper reports the design, fabrication, and measurements of optically tunable superconducting microwave resonators and delay lines. The devices are comprised of superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines fabricated from a 100 nm-thick YBCO film, interrupted by 3- and 5-m YBCO meander structures of the same thickness on top of an LAO substrate. The CPW is tested at 77 K up to a frequency of 50 GHz, where it exhibits a transmission loss of about 0.12 dB/mm. The measurements are done in a cryogenic microwave probe station, where all the calibrations have been performed at 77 K. It has been observed that the resonance frequencies of the superconducting resonators can be changed by more than 2 GHz under the optical illumination at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The delay lines also exhibit a phase retardation of up to 90 at the same operating conditions.
We report our studies on the propagation characteristics of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/-on-LaAlO/sub 3/ superconducting coplanar strip transmission lines and resonators fabricated with a novel laser-writing patterning technique. The measurements were performed in the 0.1 to 15 GHz frequency range at temperatures between 300 and 24 K. We show that at temperatures below the superconducting critical temperature, the S/sub 21/ parameter of our transmission lines was close to 0 dB at all the frequencies, while the Q-factor of the resonator structure was as high as 5000 at 6 GHz and 24 K. The transmission line propagation velocity was about 10/sup 8/ cm/s. Our results indicate that the laser-writing patterning technique can be effectively used to fabricate high-quality superconducting microwave elements and circuits.>
Optical modulation is investigated for superconducting microstrip delay lines on 2-in-diameter, 10-mil-thick LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. The linewidth of 80 mu m yields a characteristic impedance of 50 Omega . The linepitch of 100 mil is chosen to minimize the coupling between adjacent lines. The total meander line length is 64 cm. The measured delay is 8 ns with operation from DC to 20 GHz. The design was implemented using niobium, niobium nitride, and YBCO. The measurements were performed in a dewar and in a closed-cycle refrigerator, with both RF and optical access. Optical illumination of the lines resulted in a phase shift of the transmitted signal. Using a 10-mW He-Ne laser, phase shifts of up to 360 degrees at 20 GHz were measured with NbN and YBCO. The phase shifts increased linearly with frequency and with optically intensity. The effect can be attributed to a small, bolometric modulation of the line inductance.>
Planar superconducting microwave transmission line resonators can be operated at multiple harmonic resonance frequencies. This allows covering wide spectral regimes with high sensitivity, as it is desired, e.g., for cryogenic microwave spectroscopy. A common complication of such experiments is the presence of undesired “spurious” additional resonances, which are due to standing waves within the resonator substrate or housing box. Identifying the nature of individual resonances (“designed” vs “spurious”) can become challenging for higher frequencies or if elements with unknown material properties are included, as is common for microwave spectroscopy. Here, we discuss various experimental strategies to distinguish designed and spurious modes in coplanar superconducting resonators that are operated in a broad frequency range up to 20 GHz. These strategies include tracking resonance evolution as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and microwave power. We also demonstrate that local modification of the resonator, by applying minute amounts of dielectric or electron spin resonance-active materials, leads to characteristic signatures in the various resonance modes, depending on the local strength of the electric or magnetic microwave fields.