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IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

Experimental Characterization of Optically Tunable High-Temperature Superconducting Microwave Resonators and Delay Lines

Haig A. Atikian, Behnood G. Ghamsari, A. Hamed Majedi

Published Oct 27, 2010• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and measurements of optically tunable superconducting microwave resonators and delay lines. The devices are comprised of superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines fabricated from a 100 nm-thick YBCO film, interrupted by 3- and 5-m YBCO meander structures of the same thickness on top of an LAO substrate. The CPW is tested at 77 K up to a frequency of 50 GHz, where it exhibits a transmission loss of about 0.12 dB/mm. The measurements are done in a cryogenic microwave probe station, where all the calibrations have been performed at 77 K. It has been observed that the resonance frequencies of the superconducting resonators can be changed by more than 2 GHz under the optical illumination at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The delay lines also exhibit a phase retardation of up to 90 at the same operating conditions.

DOI
10.1109/tmtt.2010.2076950

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This paper reports the design, fabrication, and measurements of optically tunable superconducting microwave resonators and delay lines. The devices are comprised of superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines fabricated from a 100 nm-thick YBCO film, interrupted by 3- and 5-m YBCO meander structures of the same thickness on top of an LAO substrate. The CPW is tested at 77 K up to a frequency of 50 GHz, where it exhibits a transmission loss of about 0.12 dB/mm. The measurements are done in a cryogenic microwave probe station, where all the calibrations have been performed at 77 K. It has been observed that the resonance frequencies of the superconducting resonators can be changed by more than 2 GHz under the optical illumination at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The delay lines also exhibit a phase retardation of up to 90 at the same operating conditions.
The increasing demand for high performance communications systems and signal processing is constantly driving researchers to develop novel devices in both the microwave and optical domains. The possibility of using high temperature superconductors (HTS) as a platform for ultra-fast, ultra-high sensitive optoelectronic and microwave photonic devices has been explored. \nThis report introduces a cryogenic microwave photonic probe station, designed and built to characterize HTS microwave photonic devices. A methodology is presented to design coplanar waveguide transmission lines using HTS. The transmission line is then modified to include a meander line structure to serve the optoelectronic function. The device is characterized in several different operating domains, as an optically tunable microwave resonator, an optically tunable delay line, and finally as a photodetector. \nA planar HTS weak leak structure is investigated with the measurements of the I-V characteristics. Moreover, this device is proposed as the next generation platform to fabricate ultra-fast and ultra-high sensitive photodetectors using HTS.
We successfully designed and fabricated an absorption-type of superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators. The resonators are made from a niobium film (about 160 nm thick) on a high-resistance Si substrate, and each resonator is fabricated as a meandered quarter-wavelength transmission line (one end is short to the ground and another end is capacitively coupled to a through feedline). With a vector network analyzer we measured the transmissions of the applied microwave through the resonators at ultra-low temperature. The obtained loaded quality factors are significantly high, i.e. up to ∼10 6 . When the temperature increases slowly from the base temperature (20 mK), the resonance frequencies of the resonators are blue shifted and the quality factors are lowered slightly. In principle, this type of device can integrate a series of CPW resonators with a common feedline, making it a promising candidate as the data bus for coupling distant solid-state qubits and the sensitive detector of single photons.
Optical modulation is investigated for superconducting microstrip delay lines on 2-in-diameter, 10-mil-thick LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. The linewidth of 80 mu m yields a characteristic impedance of 50 Omega . The linepitch of 100 mil is chosen to minimize the coupling between adjacent lines. The total meander line length is 64 cm. The measured delay is 8 ns with operation from DC to 20 GHz. The design was implemented using niobium, niobium nitride, and YBCO. The measurements were performed in a dewar and in a closed-cycle refrigerator, with both RF and optical access. Optical illumination of the lines resulted in a phase shift of the transmitted signal. Using a 10-mW He-Ne laser, phase shifts of up to 360 degrees at 20 GHz were measured with NbN and YBCO. The phase shifts increased linearly with frequency and with optically intensity. The effect can be attributed to a small, bolometric modulation of the line inductance.>
Abstract We fabricated a coplanar waveguide (CPW) using high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) and evaluated its characteristics for the realization of a superconducting parametric amplifier. A YBCO thin film with a film thickness of 200 nm was formed by the PLD method using a YAG laser on a 10 × 10 mm MgO substrate. The YBCO thin films were processed into the CPW shape with a line width of 8 μm, a gap width of 8 μm and a line length of 5 mm by photolithography and sputter etching. Using a network analyzer, phase differences of microwave were measured at dc current bias from 0 mA to 14 mA. From the measurement results, it was found that the phase difference decreased with increasing temperature. In addition, it was found that the phase shifts greatly varied near the superconducting transition temperature at each current bias. We observed a maximum phase difference Δθ of -0.08 rad at a bias current of 14.0 mA, which is the closest to the transition temperature. A parametric gain was estimated to be 0.15 dB from the measured maximum phase difference.
Superconducting resonators are widely used in fields spanning from quantum computing to electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. With the goal of realizing superconducting resonators, a broad variety and combination of superconducting materials, substrates and fabrication processes have been used and thoroughly reported in the literature. High temperature superconductors such as YBCO and low temperature superconductors such as Nb, NbN, NbTiN and Al are the major actors in the domain. In this work, we investigate the possibility to extend the family of suitable low temperature superconductors for the realization of planar superconducting microwave resonators for future ESR applications. In particular, this study focuses on NbTi, a widely used material to realize superconducting cables but not investigated for planar resonating structures at GHz frequencies. A 150 nm thick film of NbTi is sputtered and patterned on top of an Al2O3 substrate. For devices resonating around 6.8 GHz quality factors greater than 10,000 are observed at 3 K and in magnetic fields up to 250 mT.
We present the RF characterization of 2-µm-wide superconducting coplanar waveguides made of 100-nm-thick niobium (Nb) or niobium nitride (NbN) films fabricated on 200 mm silicon wafers. Measurements of the two-ports S-parameters up to 25 GHz in a 4.7K–14 K temperature range with an added direct current up to 115 mA were done using a cryogenic probe station. With proper RF calibration and de-embedding procedure, both temperature and dc current dependence of the RF superconducting properties are analyzed. We report a kinetic inductance of 0.15 pH/□\square□, a critical current density of 50 MA/cm2^{2}2, and a critical temperature of 8.9 K for Nb as well as 4.27 pH/□\square□, 3 MA/cm2^{2}2, and 13.8 K for NbN. A telegraphist transmission line model taking into account the BCS theory has been developed and the comparison with the measurements is discussed.