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Asia Communications and Photonics Conference

Coherently Controlled Photonic Band Gap and Its Applications in Optoelectronic Devices

Wei Li, Seyed M. Sadeghi, Xun Li, Wei‐Ping Huang

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the coherent control of an asymmetric-multiple-quantum-well structure. Due to the quantum interference effect, the probe light optical properties can be manipulated by a control laser beam. This phenomenon can be used to realize coherently controlled photonic band gap. Some novel applications are demonstrated by computer simulation.

DOI
10.1364/acp.2009.thbb1

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Journal of Modern Optics•Oct 24, 2008•18 citations
In this paper, we investigate the coherent control of an asymmetric-multiple-quantum-well structure. Due to the quantum interference effect, the probe light optical properties can be manipulated by a control laser beam. This phenomenon can be used to realize coherently controlled photonic band gap. Some novel applications are demonstrated by computer simulation.
In an active photonic band gap structure, a control laser can manipulate the probe signal coherently if the probe field satisfies the Bragg condition and is resonant or near resonant with the electronic or excitonic transitions of the constituting material structure. Using coherent effects in the conduction intersubband transitions of an n-doped quantum well, recently, we showed that one could convert a fully transparent waveguide into an active photonic band gap. Such an active photonic band gap was different from those based on superradiant excitons in two main issues: (i) the probe field was near resonant with the conduction intersubband transitions of the quantum well, and (ii) one needed a control field to generate the coherent effects and, thereafter, the band gap. Here we use such coherent processes, which include electromagnetically induced transparency and coherent enhancement of refractive index, to study a one-dimensional functional photonic band gap structure. In the absence of a control laser field such a structure acts as a conventional photonic band gap created by an off-resonant (background) refractive index perturbation. In other words, the probe field does not feel any resonance in this structure and the photonic band gap is passive. In the presence of the control field, the structure is activated and transformed into a resonant structure. Under this condition, the probe field becomes near resonant with the intersubband transitions while still satisfies the Bragg condition. We study how the coherent effects in such transitions can lead to destruction and enhancement of the photonic band gap in a waveguide structure.
We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band-gap structure with one resonant frequency near the edge of the photonic band gap. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This nonzero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field-atom interaction exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive, optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the photonic band gap provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations.
We propose coherently generated photonic heterostructures using a functional photonic superstructure. In the absence of a laser field (control field), such a structure exhibits a conventional passive (off-resonant) photonic band gap. When a region(s) of such a structure is illuminated by the control field, coherent enhancement of refractive index increases the refractive index perturbations of that region, while electromagnetically induced transparency keeps it lossless. This forms a photonic heterostructure consisting of a passive (unilluminated region) and an active (illuminated region) photonic band gap structures. Using such a superstructure, we study a coherently generated photonic quantum well structure wherein two active photonic band gaps sandwich a passive region. We show that, since the active photonic band gaps are roughly twice wider than the passive band gap, they form two photonic barriers around the transparency band located at the longer wavelength side of the passive photonic band gap. This leads to formation of resonant transparency states or photonic subbands, similar to the conduction or valence subbands in electronic quantum well structures. We show that the energies and linewidths of such photonic subbands can be coherently controlled by just adjusting the control field beam.
We illustrate a mechanism based on coherent optical nonlinearities to realize optically tunable photonic crystals built from media supporting electromagnetically induced transparency. These exhibit specific periodic patterns where a light probe can experience a fully developed photonic band-gap with negligible absorption. An analytical method based on a two-mode approximation is developed to study the optical response of such a periodically modulated medium driven into a regime of standing-wave electromagnetically induced transparency. A comparison with a transfer matrix approach and with techniques based on the coupled Maxwell–Liouville equations shows that our method is very accurate to describe the optical properties of such photonic metamaterials in the frequency region of interest. Nearly perfect reflectivities may be attained for ultracold 87Rb atoms samples which are seen to reflect with little loss and deformation light pulses whose frequency components are contained within the gap. When the same mechanism is implemented for inhomogeneously broadened optical transitions of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, which is more amenable to device applications, fully developed photonic band-gap structures with negligible absorption, reflectivities very close to unity and sufficiently large bandwidths may also be attained. We further examine more flexible schemes based on four level systems under double driving conditions showing more accurate and efficient coherent optical control of the photonic band-gap. The remarkable experimental simplicity of the schemes that we presented is set to ease quantum nonlinear optics applications.