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Physical Review A

Coherent control of spontaneous emission near a photonic band edge: A qubit for quantum computation

Mesfin Woldeyohannes, Sajeev John

Published Dec 1, 1999• 143 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band-gap structure with one resonant frequency near the edge of the photonic band gap. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This nonzero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field-atom interaction exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive, optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the photonic band gap provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.5046

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Apr 21, 2006•0 citations
We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band-gap structure with one resonant frequency near the edge of the photonic band gap. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This nonzero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field-atom interaction exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive, optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the photonic band gap provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations.
We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band gap (PBG) material, with one resonant frequency near the edge of the PBG. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This non-zero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the PBG provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations. A detailed literature survey on the nature, fabrication and applications of PBG materials is presented to provide context for this research.
The coherent control of the entanglement between a three-level atom located within a three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic photonic band gap (PBG) material, with one transition frequency near the edge of the PBG, and its radiation field is demonstrated. As a result of quantum interference and photon localization, the entanglement can be decreased or increased depending on the relative phase between the control laser coupling, the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state entanglement is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This non-zero steady-state entanglement is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom.
We demonstrate coherent control of spontaneous emission from a three-level atom with one resonant frequency near the edge of a photonic band gap. As a result of quantum interference and photon localization, spontaneous emission can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the control and pump laser fields. The fractionalized steady state inversion of the atom depends sensitively on the initial conditions, suggesting the possibility of a phase-sensitive, optical memory device on the atomic scale.
Summary form only given. Unlike semiconductors which facilitate the coherent propagation of electrons, photonic band gap (PBG) materials execute their novel functions through the coherent localization of photons. When a PBG material is doped with impurity atoms which have an electronic transition that lies within the gap, spontaneous emission of light from the atom is inhibited. Inside the gap, the photon forms a bound state to the atom. Outside the gap, radiative dynamics in the colored vacuum is highly nonMarkovian. I discuss the influence of these memory effects on laser action. When spontaneous emission is absent, the next order radiative effect (resonance dipole-dipole interaction between atoms) must be incorporated, leading to anomalous nonlinear optical effects which occur at a much lower threshold than in ordinary vacuum. I describe the collective switching of two-level atoms near a photonic band edge, by external laser field, from a passive stare to one exhibiting population inversion. This effect is forbidden in ordinary vacuum. Finally, I discuss the prospects for a phase sensitive, single (3-level) atom quantum memory device, onto which information may be written by an external laser pulse. By scattering polarized photons (flying qubit) this system may execute certain quantum logic operations.
The coherent control of cooperative spontaneous emission from two identical non-overlapping three-level atoms in the V-configuration located within a photonic band gap (PBG) material with two resonant frequencies near the upper band edge of the PBG and confined to a region small in comparison to their radiation wavelengths but still greater than their atomic sizes is investigated. The dependencies of cooperative effects in which a photon emitted by one atom is reabsorbed by the other atom on the inter-atomic separation, on the initial state of the two-atom system, on the strength of the driving control laser field, and on the detuning of the atomic resonant frequencies from the upper band edge frequency is analyzed so as to identify the conditions for which these cooperative effects are enhanced or inhibited. Cooperative effects between atoms are shown to be influenced more by the PBG than by the nature of the atomic transitions involved. Excited state populations as well as coherences between excited levels are expressed in terms of time-dependent amplitudes which are shown to satisfy coupled integro-differential equations for which analytic solutions are derived under special conditions. Unlike for the case of one atom in a PBG where the fractional non-zero steady state populations on the excited levels as well as the coherence between the excited levels are constants independent of time, in the case of two atoms in PBG these quantities continuously oscillate as a manifestation of beating due to the continuous exchange between the two atoms of the photon trapped by the PBG. The values of these quantities as well as the amplitudes and frequencies of their oscillations depend of the parameters of the system, providing different ways of manipulating the system. The general formalism presented here is shown to recapture the special results of investigations of similar systems in free space when the non-Markovian memory kernels of the PBG are replaced by delta function dependent Markovian memory kernels.
We demonstrate the coherent control of the excited states of the atom embedded in a photonic band gap (PBG) structure by means of a Rabi oscillation. In this demonstration, we show that the atomic decay is strongly suppressed not only during the Rabi oscillation but also during switching process to the final steady state. This switching is achieved by eliminating one of localized field modes arising from the localization of the emitted photon in the vicinity of the atom due to the PBG, where the suppression of the atomic decay during the switching is facilitated by achieving this elimination not outside the PBG but inside the PBG. Such a coherent control of excited states without the atomic decay suggests the possibility of extending the atomic system for quantum computing to act as nearly lossless.