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Optics Letters

Interaction-free all-optical switching in χ^(2)microdisks for quantum applications

Yu-Ping Huang, Prem Kumar

Published Jul 8, 2010• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a quantum switch for telecom-band applications that is composed of a chi((2)) microdisk coupled to two fibers (or waveguides). The idea is to apply a pump pulse to shift the microdisk out of resonance, thereby switching the device between the cross and bar states in an interaction-free manner. As an example, a 2.5-microm-thick, 10 microm radius GaAs microdisk with an intrinsic Q of approximately 10(8) and a fiber-cavity-coupling Q of approximately 10(4) can achieve low-loss (< or approximately equal to 1%) switching for gigahertz-rate O-band quantum signals with milliwatt-peak-power pumps in the C band.

DOI
10.1364/ol.35.002376

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We propose a quantum switch for telecom-band applications that is composed of a chi((2)) microdisk coupled to two fibers (or waveguides). The idea is to apply a pump pulse to shift the microdisk out of resonance, thereby switching the device between the cross and bar states in an interaction-free manner. As an example, a 2.5-microm-thick, 10 microm radius GaAs microdisk with an intrinsic Q of approximately 10(8) and a fiber-cavity-coupling Q of approximately 10(4) can achieve low-loss (< or approximately equal to 1%) switching for gigahertz-rate O-band quantum signals with milliwatt-peak-power pumps in the C band.
Interaction-Free Quantum Optical Fredkin Gates in χ(2)\chi^{(2)}χ(2) Microdisks
We present novel “interaction-free” realizations of quantum optical Fredkin gates that do not rely on direct physical coupling between the target light (signal) and the control light (pump). The interaction-free feature of such gates allow to overcome the fundamental limits of photon loss and quantum-state decoherence imposed by the signal-pump coupling. This advantage, together with the low inherent quantum-noise level in χ(2)microdisks, gives rise to substantially improved performance over the existing Fredkin-gate designs. Explicitly using lithium-niobate mircrodisks, we present two kinds of interaction-free Fredkin gates, a phase gate and an optical-path gate, both of which are designed with telecom-band applications in mind. For both gates, the threshold pump peak power to achieve a gate contrast >;100 and a signal loss <;10% is hundreds of microwatts for practical parameters of the devices.
Quantum signals such as entangled photons are typically at the sub-photon level and, thus, require near noise-less and low-loss components for their manipulation and processing. A common signal-manipulation tool is a 2 × 2 switch, and many applications of quantum switches also require fast switching rates and input signals in the fiber-friendly 1550-nm band. Traditional optical switching technology does not simultaneously meet all the desired metrics for a quantum switch. We demonstrate a low-noise fiber-optic photonic switch based on cross phase modulation that is fast (sub-ns), low loss (<;1 dB), and operates in the 1550-nm wavelength band.
We propose an interaction-free scheme for all-optical switching which does not rely on the physical coupling between signal and control waves. The interaction-free nature of the scheme allows it to overcome the fundamental photon-loss limit imposed by the signal-pump coupling. The same phenomenon protects photonic-signal states from decoherence, making devices based on this scheme suitable for quantum applications. Focusing on $\ensuremath{\chi}{}^{(2)}$ waveguides, we provide device designs for traveling-wave and Fabry-Perot switches. In both designs, the performance is optimal when the signal switching is induced by coherent dynamical evolution. In contrast, when the switching is induced by a rapid dissipation channel, it is less efficient.
Quantum Zeno blockade allows all-optical switching in a counterintuitive “interaction-free” manner. Using a lithium-niobate microdisk cavity nanofabricated on chip, we have observed phase matched sum-frequency generation and interaction-free switching between optical pulses in two tightly confined whispering-gallery modes. We have also verified that our device is suitable for nonlinear operations in a single-photon regime. Our results point to a scalable, chip-integrated platform for nonlinear optics extendable to the quantum regime.
We present theoretical results of a low-loss all-optical switch based on electromagnetically induced transparency and the quantum Zeno effect in a microdisk resonator. We show that a control beam can modify the atomic absorption of the evanescent field which suppresses the cavity field buildup and alters the path of a weak signal beam. We predict more than 35 dB of switching contrast with less than 0.1 dB loss using just 2 μW of control-beam power for signal beams with less than single photon intensities inside the cavity.