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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Prospect for a Ca/sup +/ optical frequency/wavelength standard

F. Plumelle, Michel Desaintfuscien, M. Houssin

Published Apr 1, 1993• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An optical frequency/wavelength standard using the high line Q/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of Ca/sup +/ confined in a RF trap and laser cooled is discussed according to the following points: optical excitation scheme to cool the ions and probe the clock transition of an odd isotope of Ca/sup +/ and feasibility of the production of the optical excitations from laser diodes.>

DOI
10.1109/19.278605

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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement•Apr 1, 2003•10 citations
An optical frequency/wavelength standard using the high line Q/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of Ca/sup +/ confined in a RF trap and laser cooled is discussed according to the following points: optical excitation scheme to cool the ions and probe the clock transition of an odd isotope of Ca/sup +/ and feasibility of the production of the optical excitations from laser diodes.>
Summary form only given. Among the ions proposed for a frequency standard in the optical domain, Ca/sup +/ is one of the most favorable candidates due to its wavelengths accessible with all-solid-state laser systems. This allows to imagine an ultimate experimental setup being simple and compact. The 4S/sub 1/2/-3D/sub 5/2/ electric quadrupole transition at 729 nm with a natural linewidth below 1 Hz serves as clock transition, while laser cooling on one of the resonance lines is carried out at 397 nm. To obtain the small spectral linewidths necessary for a frequency standard performance, it is essential to reduce the residual Doppler broadening caused by the RF heating in the Paul trap. The first-order Doppler broadening of a single ion can be eliminated in the Lamb-Dicke regime where the ion's amplitude of motion is inferior to the emitted wavelength. The main condition for the access of this frequency modulation regime is a high motional frequency of the trapped ion. This is more easily obtained in a low capacitance device and thus traps with reduced dimensions are required. We have set up a miniature ion trap of the Paul-Straubel-type. The stored ions are observed by a photomultiplier in the photon-counting mode as well as by an intensified CCD camera, permitting the visualization of their spatial behavior. Laser cooling of the Ca/sup +/ ions is carried out on the 4S/sub 1/2/-4P/sup 1/2/ resonance line at 397 nm. Progress on the characterization of the trapped single ion as well as on the generation of the involved wavelengths exclusively by solid-state lasers is reported.
An optical frequency standard based on the $S\text{\ensuremath{-}}D$ transition of trapped 43Ca+^{43}\mathrm{Ca}^{+}43Ca+ is possible by using just laser diodes for cooling and probing. We discuss two open problems related to the feasibility of this frequency standard, the attainable frequency uncertainty and the method of initial-state preparation. The uncertainty of the clock transition frequency can be so small as $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$. Using a laser system consisting of three lasers at different detunings and polarizations, the ion can be cooled down to the Lamb-Dicke regime and then prepared in the m=0m=0m=0 state within a period much shorter than the cooling period without being heated. The details of our numerical simulation are described.
The electric quadrupole transition of confined Ca/sup +/ ions has been proposed as a frequency standard in the visible domain. To access metrologic conditions, we have built a cylindrical miniature trap, allowing to obtain high frequencies of motion and preparing the access to the Lamb-Dicke regime where the first order Doppler broadening is suppressed. Laser cooling and interrogation of the confined ions require lasers at 397 nm and at 729 nm. We propose the generation of these wavelengths using multimode laser diodes and a frequency-doubling set-up.
We report on work directed toward the systematic evaluation of an optical frequency standard based on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of a single, laser-cooled, trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion, whose resonance frequency is 1.06/spl times/10/sup 15/ Hz. For the purpose of the evaluation, a second /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ standard has been constructed. In the cooling-laser system built for the second standard, an injection-locking scheme has been applied to a CW Ti-sapphire laser. We also report optical frequency measurements of the clock transition performed over the past 21 months with the first standard. During this term, the variation of the clock transition frequency is found to be less than /spl plusmn/1/spl times/10/sup -14/.