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Journal of Computer Science and Technology

A Simulative Comparison of BB84 Protocol with its Improved Version

Mohsen Sharifi, H. Azizi

Published Jan 1, 2007• 9 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Public key cryptosystems can well become void with the advent of incredibly high performance quantum computers. The underlying principles of these computers themselves, namely quantum mechanics, provide the solution to the key distribution problem. This paper explains how cryptography will be benefited from quantum mechanics, through a short introduction to classical cryptography, and the general principles of quantum cryptography and the BB84 protocol for key distribution. Then we review a modification to the BB84 protocol that is logically claimed to increase its efficiency. We then validate this claim by presenting our simulation results for BB84 and its improved protocols and show that the efficiency of the improved protocol could be doubled without undermining the security level of BB84 protocol.

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IU-Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering•Jan 1, 2008•6 citations
Public key cryptosystems can well become void with the advent of incredibly high performance quantum computers. The underlying principles of these computers themselves, namely quantum mechanics, provide the solution to the key distribution problem. This paper explains how cryptography will be benefited from quantum mechanics, through a short introduction to classical cryptography, and the general principles of quantum cryptography and the BB84 protocol for key distribution. Then we review a modification to the BB84 protocol that is logically claimed to increase its efficiency. We then validate this claim by presenting our simulation results for BB84 and its improved protocols and show that the efficiency of the improved protocol could be doubled without undermining the security level of BB84 protocol.
As the quantum cryptography is the ultimate solution for information security. Quantum cryptography describes the ultimate way for key distribution. Unlike many of the classical cryptosystems in use today, whose security often draws on unproven assumptions about the computational complexity of mathematical problems, the security of quantum cryptography is based on the laws of physics. The Quantum Key Distribution follows some protocols for key distribution. In this paper we describe the BB84 protocol which is used in Quantum Cryptography and the security aspect of entanglement based version of BB84.
All traditional cryptographic algorithms used in the network communication environments, relied on mathematical models and computational assumptions, are actually unsafe and apt by many attackers (quantum and man-in-the-middle attacks). Therefore, nowadays Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) promises a secure key agreement by using quantum mechanical systems. QKD becomes a significant trend of new cryptographic revolution. This paper explains how cryptography exploits the quantum mechanics in order to achieve an encryption/decryption process. Additionally, this paper provides a standard simulation for QKD-BB84 protocol and describes improvement key generation and key distribution mechanisms. Then, validation, results and efficiency of BB84 protocol are presented using different security configurations. Finally, our results indicated that the QKD is susceptible to corporate with different security applications and achieve the key availability for such applications. However, it suffers from the higher rate of authentication cost.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.
Quantum cryptography, the principles of which are based on classical mechanics laws, solves exceptionally the issue of key distribution in classical cryptography. BB84, the first quantum key distribution created by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 offers unconditional security and allows the transmission of a key with the length equal to the length of the message. According to Vernom, using the key with the above feature once together with an encryption algorithm leads to the formation of a most secure cryptographic system. The paper presents a method for improving the BB84 quantum protocol, using ten states of polarization, quantum memory and direct communication in both directions. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.
Private key cryptography suffers from a major weakness - it requires sharing of a secret key between two parties. An intruder can copy the secret key as it is being exchanged, thereby severely compromising the security of the system. Thus a private key cryptographic system depends entirely on secrecy of the key. Public key cryptography does not have a key distribution problem but its security relies on the fact that determining the factors of a number that is the product of two very large prime numbers is not computationally feasible. It has been shown that a quantum computer can solve the prime factors of very large numbers in polynomial time which would otherwise take millions of years. Public key cryptography will therefore become insecure if quantum computing becomes a reality. Quantum cryptography, originally presented in BB84 protocol, avoids all these issues by encrypting the shared key using a series of photons. In this paper a key distribution protocol based on the concepts of BB84 is proposed It provides an additional layer of security by sending the key data bits twice; during the second transmission the original key bits or their complements are randomly chosen for transmission. The sender informs the receiver about the orientation of the key bits during the second round of transmission only after the data has been sent out.
Even though there have been various proposed and wideley used ciphering techniques in cryptography, main improvements in this field came out with the idea of “super computing”. Till now, popular methods like DES, AES and RSA which can be mathematically cracked in a duration of universe’s age, have been proposed. But all of these methods’s future is at risk because of the studies in production of “Quantum Computer”s of which computation speed is estimated to be very high so that no other existing super computers compete with them. At this stage, by using quantum mechanics a new method called “Quantum Key Distribution” and its protocols for the process of building cipher key, are proposed instead of determining new mathematical solutions for securing the data. In this study, a simulation project based on previously proposed Quantum Key Distribution protocols BB84 and B92, will be explained. At the end of the project by using BB84 and B92 protocols, a comparison of quantum bit error rates and detection rates of eavesdropping according to protocols, is done and results are obtained.