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American Journal of Computing Research Repository

An Efficient Key Distribution Protocol Based on BB84

Parag K. Lala

Published Jan 23, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Private key cryptography suffers from a major weakness - it requires sharing of a secret key between two parties. An intruder can copy the secret key as it is being exchanged, thereby severely compromising the security of the system. Thus a private key cryptographic system depends entirely on secrecy of the key. Public key cryptography does not have a key distribution problem but its security relies on the fact that determining the factors of a number that is the product of two very large prime numbers is not computationally feasible. It has been shown that a quantum computer can solve the prime factors of very large numbers in polynomial time which would otherwise take millions of years. Public key cryptography will therefore become insecure if quantum computing becomes a reality. Quantum cryptography, originally presented in BB84 protocol, avoids all these issues by encrypting the shared key using a series of photons. In this paper a key distribution protocol based on the concepts of BB84 is proposed It provides an additional layer of security by sending the key data bits twice; during the second transmission the original key bits or their complements are randomly chosen for transmission. The sender informs the receiver about the orientation of the key bits during the second round of transmission only after the data has been sent out.

DOI
10.12691/ajcrr-2-2-2

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Private key cryptography suffers from a major weakness - it requires sharing of a secret key between two parties. An intruder can copy the secret key as it is being exchanged, thereby severely compromising the security of the system. Thus a private key cryptographic system depends entirely on secrecy of the key. Public key cryptography does not have a key distribution problem but its security relies on the fact that determining the factors of a number that is the product of two very large prime numbers is not computationally feasible. It has been shown that a quantum computer can solve the prime factors of very large numbers in polynomial time which would otherwise take millions of years. Public key cryptography will therefore become insecure if quantum computing becomes a reality. Quantum cryptography, originally presented in BB84 protocol, avoids all these issues by encrypting the shared key using a series of photons. In this paper a key distribution protocol based on the concepts of BB84 is proposed It provides an additional layer of security by sending the key data bits twice; during the second transmission the original key bits or their complements are randomly chosen for transmission. The sender informs the receiver about the orientation of the key bits during the second round of transmission only after the data has been sent out.
Security awareness is one of the most pressing topics in today's globe. The idea of cryptography is introduced when the subject is information security. Conventional cryptography-based security techniques rely on the presumption that keys are shared before secure connections. The most crucial factor to consider when integrating cryptographic operations into account when integrating cryptographic operations in with any system is the safe key management strategy required for sending and transferring a secret key between two entities The systems will be vulnerable to bugs and possibly fatal external assaults if the fundamental management methods are poor A method for securely encrypting data sent between parties is quantum cryptography. and spotting eavesdroppers trying to overhear the conversation. Quantum cryptography may be the solution to these issues a quantum cryptography application, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), refers to the production of a cryptographic key with unconditional security assured by physical rules. Quantum cryptography is a kind of encryption. We examine the quantum key exchange protocol (BB84 protocol) in this study and the way that it significantly improves data transfer security when compared to standard encryption techniques. The main objective of quantum cryptography is to offer a trustworthy way to provide a secure method of communication between the intended peers only and to detect the Eavesdropper presence.
Secure communication in cryptographic system, relies on secret key which must be exchanged between a sender and a receiver such that it avoids unauthorized access and can be used to encrypt the plain text and decrypt the cipher text. However, advancement in quantum computing raises concern on the security of information exchanged over the web. As the information on the web is made secure using classical cryptographic mechanisms that are only computationally secure and quantum computers with high computational capability can generate the secrete keys in a very short time. In order to make sure that quantum computers do not breach the security of the network, we need to develop some sort of quantum-resistant mechanisms. Quantum key distribution is one of the quantum-resistant-mechanisms which guarantee secure data communication. It leverages quantum mechanics principles by exchanging the key in quantum states called qubits and any attempt to access the key causes disturbance in the qubits yielding change in their behavior or state, hence signaling the presence of an intruder and making it impossible to be accessed. This paper presents a simulation to establish and exchange secrete keys in quantum environment using BB84 protocol and to determine the efficiency of the system, quantum bit error rate is measured and discussed.
A quantum protocol for secure transmission of data using qubits is presented. This protocol sends one qubit in a round-trip to transmit one bit of data. The protocol offers an improvement over the BB84 QKD protocol. BB84, in conjunction with one-time pad encryption, has been shown to be unconditionally secure. However its security relies on the assumption that the qubit source device does not emit multiple replicas of the same qubit for each transmitted bit. If this happens a multi-qubit emission attack can be launched. In addition, BB84 cannot be used to send predetermined bit strings as it generates a random bit string in the process. Our protocol does not have the above drawbacks, but requires an authenticated public channel in order to detect an intruder, in the way as BB84. Our protocol does not require a shared secret key.
The dynamic nature of digital communication, and data transmission security have assumed paramount importance. Once thought to be impenetrable by quantum computers, traditional encryption methods now need quantum-safe cryptographic alternatives. One such revolutionary development is the BB84 Protocol, a quantum key distribution mechanism based on quantum physics. BB84 utilizes the particles' quantum features to guarantee the safety of the key exchange and make eavesdropping almost impossible. To secure the security of transmitted data, BB84 relies on single-photon sources, which emit single photons. The BB84-inspired Quantum Key Distribution Protocols are now the backbone of quantum cryptography. The production of cryptographic keys between distant parties is made possible by these protocols, allowing for a safe line of communication even in the face of quantum adversaries. To counteract the growing processing capability of quantum computers, quantum cryptography methods were developed. Quantum Key Distribution, which has its roots in BB84, is leading the road for post-quantum secure communication. These protocols offer a future where data privacy and security reign, guaranteeing the secrecy of digital communication in an increasingly linked world by harnessing the complex features of quantum particles and the strength of BB84.
Quantum cryptography is a science that exploits quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks.The best-known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution, which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem.I try to generalize the first quantum key distribution protocol called BB84 and implement the protocol in different steps.The implementation is performed in a fully theoretical manner with a general mathematical base.I propose here an algorithm that can make this protocol more secure.After implementation of the protocol, I tried to find out the result, which I illustrated with figures and tables and also proposed here as a suitable polarizer diagram model that helped me find the outcome of this concept.My proposed polarizer diagram only works to encode and decode the valuable secret key that is transferred from sender to receiver, and the secret key will not be transferred as binary bit data but as a photon particle by the photon polarizer converter.Though the protocol BB84 is the most secure of all quantum key distribution protocols, I tried to make it more secure from any third-party access.
Cryptography literally means "The art & science of secret writing & sending a message between two parties in such a way that its contents cannot be understood by someone other than the intended recipient."and Quantum word is related with "Light".Thus, Quantum Cryptography is a way of descripting any information in the form of quantum particles.There are no classical cryptographic systems which are perfectly secure.In contrast to Classical cryptography which depends upon Mathematics, Quantum Cryptography utilizes the concepts of Quantum Physics which provides us the security against the cleverest marauders of the present age.In the view of increasing need of Network and Information Security, we do require methods to overcome the Molecular Computing technologies (A future technology) and other techniques of the various codebrakers.Both the parts i.e.Quantum Key distribution and Information transference from Sender to Receiver are much efficient and secure.It is based upon BB84 protocol.It can be of great use for Govt.agencies such as Banks, Insurance, Brokerages firms, financial institutions, e-commerce and most important is the Defense & security of any country.It is a Cryptographic communication system in which the original users can detect unauthorized eavesdropper and in addition it gives a guarantee of no eavesdropping.It proves to be the ultra secure mode of communication b/w two intended parties.