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International nano letters.

Electromagnetically induced transparency-based gas detector design using Michelson interferometer

Karim Abbasian, Mohammad Hossein Abdollahi

Published May 14, 2013• 1 citation

Abstract

In this paper, we have designed an all-optical controllable gas detector by doping 3-level Λ type nanocrystals in the moving arms' mirror of Michelson interferometer and used electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon to change its refractive index. By this means, we have created a controllable phase difference between light beams in two arms of the Michelson interferometer, where reflection phase of the EIT-based mirror changes about π radiant. Also, the signal reflection from EIT-based mirror changes between 0% and 100% approximately, while the second arm's signal is reflected completely. This EIT-based mirror's refractive index change can be a good alternative for conventional Michelson interferometer-based gas detector with one mechanical moving arm mirror (Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 6th edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2005), where long response time and unfix moving speed were its main drawbacks. While, in this scheme, not only these disadvantages are removed but also the response time can reach the electron transient time between the atomic energy levels. Then, by this all-optical tunable gas detector, we have achieved many modifications such as response time in sub-nanoseconds, high resolution, and high accuracy, or less cross sensitivity to other gas species.

DOI: 10.1186/2228-5326-3-34

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In this paper, we have designed an all-optical controllable gas detector by doping 3-level Λ type nanocrystals in the moving arms' mirror of Michelson interferometer and used electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon to change its refractive index. By this means, we have created a controllable phase difference between light beams in two arms of the Michelson interferometer, where reflection phase of the EIT-based mirror changes about π radiant. Also, the signal reflection from EIT-based mirror changes between 0% and 100% approximately, while the second arm's signal is reflected completely. This EIT-based mirror's refractive index change can be a good alternative for conventional Michelson interferometer-based gas detector with one mechanical moving arm mirror (Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 6th edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2005), where long response time and unfix moving speed were its main drawbacks. While, in this scheme, not only these disadvantages are removed but also the response time can reach the electron transient time between the atomic energy levels. Then, by this all-optical tunable gas detector, we have achieved many modifications such as response time in sub-nanoseconds, high resolution, and high accuracy, or less cross sensitivity to other gas species.

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is one of the interesting phenomena of light–matter interaction which modifies matter properties for propagation of light. In other words, we can change the absorption and refractive index (RI) in neighborhood of the resonant frequency using EIT. In this paper, we have doped 3‐level quantum dots in one of the Michelson Interferometer's mirror and used EIT to change its RI. So, a controllable phase difference between lights in two arms of interferometer is created. Long response time is the main drawback of Michelson interferometer based sensor, which is resolved by this technique.

We propose a new control structure for all-optical switching in multimode inference (MMI)-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) devices. This structure is composed of an MZI doped by three-level nanocrystals for the realization of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the lower arm. We use two different intensities of control field for two states of the proposed switch. Using a control field in both of the two switching states is necessary, where the EIT region is transparent. By changing the intensity of the control field, the refractive index of the doped region changes, which makes the phase difference between the two arms of the MZI. Hence, the switching operation takes place. Simulation results show that the extinction ratio of the device is −32dB in the worst case.

In this work, using finite-difference time-domain method, we propose and numerically demonstrate a novel way to achieve electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon in the reflection spectrum by stacking two different types of coupling effect among different elements of the designed metamaterial. Compared with the conventional EIT-like analogues coming from only one type of coupling effect between bright and dark meta-atoms on the same plane, to our knowledge the novel approach is the first to realize the optically active and precise control of the wavelength position of EIT-like phenomenon using optical metamaterials. An on-to-off dynamic control of the EIT-like phenomenon also can be achieved by changing the refractive index of the dielectric substrate via adjusting an optical pump pulse. Furthermore, in near infrared region, the metamaterial structure can be operated as an ultra-high resolution refractive index sensor with an ultra-high figure of merit (FOM) reaching 3200, which remarkably improve the FOM value of plasmonic refractive index sensors. The novel approach realizing EIT-like spectral shape with easy adjustment to the working wavelengths will open up new avenues for future research and practical application of active plasmonic switch, ultra-high resolution sensors and active slow-light devices.

In this paper, we present a novel method based on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and ring resonator for description of all-optical controllable filters that is so necessary for development of all-optical networks and systems. Impurities including 4-level atoms or nanocrystals added to ring resonator for control of the absorption and the index of refraction. Parameters of the control electromagnetic field or fields are used to manipulate the absorption and the index of refraction of the ring resonator. Also, optical filtering behavior of the ring resonator is studied. It is shown that using the control field, optical filtering properties of the proposed structure can be controlled.

Here, an all-optical switch is modeled in the form of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomena dealing with a three-level EIT silicon (Si) nanocrystalline medium. The EIT consists of two fields, namely a strong control and weak probe fields that interact with the medium. Fast-optical switching of the probe is achieved by applying a pulsed control field, which relies on both steady-state and transient density matrices. The effects of four significant parameters of interest, i.e., Rabi frequency of the control field, EIT nanocrystal density, FBG length, and spontaneous decay rate, have been extensively investigated to optimize the probe transmission. Subsequently, the time-dependent density matrix is solved to obtain the response time of the FBG-EIT switch. Eventually, FBG is modeled such that low index layers contain EIT material and the high index layers do not. The FBG-EIT switch satisfies the criteria of maximum transmission and minimum rise time to give out the optimal operational condition. Despite the optical switching is in OFF mode at Ωc=0 THz demonstrating a high FBG reflectance, the reflectance suddenly vanishes at a certain Ω c s to satisfy the equivalence of low and high refractive indices (switching ON). Therefore, a fast-optical switch is envisaged operating as large as 100 GHz in theory. The future applications of the FBG- EIT include the fast Q-switching of fiber lasers, ultra-fast modulation, optical quantum communication, and high speed optical processing and computation.

A new and efficient proposal for all-optical tunable mirror of VCSEL using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is proposed. For this purpose a slab doped with quantum dots for realization of 3-level atomic system is considered. Density matrix formulation for time evaluation of the proposed structure is used. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the considered slab are calculated and time development of the related amplitude and output power and threshold current density of VCSEL laser studied. We show that some nanometer tuning can be obtained. So, the proposed idea can open a new realization method of all-optical tunable VCSEL lasers.