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IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO)

Quantum authentication protocol using entanglement swapping

Chia-Hung Chien, Tien-Sheng Lin, Ting-Hsu Chang, Shih‐Yi Yuan, Sy‐Yen Kuo

Published Aug 1, 2011• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we use the technique of entanglement swapping to exchange quantum message among sharing parties. For Bell measurements, quantum teleportation can provide long-distance quantum transmission when sharing parties are disconnected. The proposed mutual authentication protocol has the capability to securely identify each other under an unsafe routing path. Eavesdropping and malicious nodes may exist in the routing path. For quantum authentication protocol, it is called location-release problem. The proposed approach can solve this problem. Furthermore, source can transfer quantum message to destination in a secure way.

DOI
10.1109/nano.2011.6144395

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In this paper, we use the technique of entanglement swapping to exchange quantum message among sharing parties. For Bell measurements, quantum teleportation can provide long-distance quantum transmission when sharing parties are disconnected. The proposed mutual authentication protocol has the capability to securely identify each other under an unsafe routing path. Eavesdropping and malicious nodes may exist in the routing path. For quantum authentication protocol, it is called location-release problem. The proposed approach can solve this problem. Furthermore, source can transfer quantum message to destination in a secure way.
Authentication is one of the security services that ensures sufficient security of the system by identification and verification. Also, it assures the identity of the communicating party to be that the claimed one. To build a quantum channel between two unauthenticated to each other parties, first, a trusted authority is needed to establish a mutual authentication with each party. Using Bell measurement and entanglement swapping, we present a protocol that mutually authenticates the identity of the sender and the receiver, then constructs a quantum channel based on Bell basis. After, the sender and the receiver use the quantum channel to communicate using entanglement-assisted quantum communication protocols. Additionally, the protocol renews the shared secret key between the trusted authority and each user after each authentication process. The protocol provides the necessary authentication and key distribution to create a quantum channel between the sender and receiver.
The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks presents a promising paradigm aimed at meeting stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, thereby paving the way for modern applications such as the metaverse. In contrast, the advent of quantum computers poses a significant threat to the security of such networks. However, the quantum Internet signifies a remarkable advancement in communication technology, harnessing the principles of quantum entanglement and superposition to facilitate unparalleled levels of security and efficient computations. Quantum communication can be achieved through the utilization of quantum entanglement. Through the exchange of entangled pairs between two entities, quantum communication becomes feasible, enabled by the process of quantum teleportation. Given the lossy nature of the channels and the exponential decoherence of the transmitted photons, a set of intermediate nodes can serve as quantum repeaters to perform entanglement swapping and directly entangle two distant nodes. Such quantum repeaters may be malicious and by setting up malicious entanglements, intermediate nodes can jeopardize the confidentiality of the quantum information exchanged between the two communication nodes. Hence, this paper proposes a quantum identity authentication protocol that protects quantum networks from malicious entanglements. Unlike the existing protocols, the proposed quantum authentication protocol does not require periodic refreshments of the shared secret keys. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can detect malicious entanglements with a 100% probability after an average of 4 authentication rounds. Moreover, the average number of authentication rounds required to detect an attack is reduced by 69% and 76.5% compared with benchmark protocols. Index Terms—Quantum identity authentication, quantum communications, malicious entanglement, quantum security, quantum Internet, 6G.
Abstract Identification and key negotiation between trusted users play a pivot role in generating a session key. The existing protocol uses quantum resources with memory for authentication process but the storage time for qubit is limited. A new mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocol was proposed using Bell pair and the pre-shared key act as the basis for applying bell state measurement without storing the qubit. Security of the proposed protocol depends on inappropriate applying the Bell measurement in different basis leading to entanglement swapping. The participant is able to create a fair session key for each communication and mutually authenticate each identity. The key negotiation and authentication phases of the proposed mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocol have demonstrated that it is unconditional secure.
Utilizing the advantage of Bell state,a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol with authentication is put forward.In the protocol,the deal encodes two classical bits of secret message on the quantum carrier though performing local unitary operation.He splits the secret message into n shares and then distributes them to n agents via entanglement swapping.Each agent makes a Bell state measurement on the particles in his hand,and obtains his piece of secret according to the measurement result.In the process of reconstruction,these n agents declare respectively their pieces of secret,and recover the secret message if and only if they collaborate.At the same time,combining the technology of Hash function,the identities of the deal and the agents are authenticated.Hence,one main goal of designing the presented protocol,two-way authentication,is achieved.Moreover,we analyze the security and authentication of the presented protocol in detail.It is shown that this protocol can stand against the attacks of outside eavesdropper and inside participant,which means that it is secure in theory.In addition,since the Bell state was used at most,as compared with other quantum secret sharing protocols,the implementation of the presented protocol is more feasible in the current technical conditions.
In this paper we propose a new protocol for multiparty secret key sharing by using quantum entanglement swapping. Quantum Entanglement swapping is a process that allows two non-interacting quantum systems to be entangled. Further, to increase the security level and to make sure that the users are legitimate, authentication for both parties will be required by a trusted third party. In this protocol, a trusted third party will authenticate the sender and the receiver and help them forming a secret key. Furthermore, the proposed protocol will perform entanglement swapping between the sender and the receiver. The result from the entanglement swapping will be an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair that will help them in forming and sending the secret key without having the sender to send any physical quantum states to the receiver. This protocol will provide the required authentication of all parties to the trusted party and it will provide the required secure method in transmitting the secret key.