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Optical quantum entanglement in astrophysics

Javier Gómez

Published Jul 5, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We found that the most feasible naturally produced quantum entanglement between two distant particles from astrophysical regions is the two-photon spontaneous transition of the hydrogen 2 2 S 1/2 metastable level, which is known to be one of the components of the continuous spectra of ionized regions.We calculate the two-photon emission rate the Orion Nebula, two nearby planetary nebulae IC 2149 and NGC 7293, and the Solar Corona; whose production of entangled pairs per second is 5.80 × 10 48 , 9.39 × 10 45 , 9.77 × 10 44 , and 1.46 × 10 16 respectively.The distribution of the propagation directions of both emitted photons does not vanish at any angle; therefore it is possible to observe the entangled pair at an angles θ ≈ 0 • .Because the number of two-photon coincidences goes as the fourth power of the ratio between the detector size and the distance from the astrophysical object, coincidences are scarce; for its detection we required receivers with a size much larger than those currently available.

DOI
10.22323/1.101.0015

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We found that the most feasible naturally produced quantum entanglement between two distant particles from astrophysical regions is the two-photon spontaneous transition of the hydrogen 2 2 S 1/2 metastable level, which is known to be one of the components of the continuous spectra of ionized regions.We calculate the two-photon emission rate the Orion Nebula, two nearby planetary nebulae IC 2149 and NGC 7293, and the Solar Corona; whose production of entangled pairs per second is 5.80 × 10 48 , 9.39 × 10 45 , 9.77 × 10 44 , and 1.46 × 10 16 respectively.The distribution of the propagation directions of both emitted photons does not vanish at any angle; therefore it is possible to observe the entangled pair at an angles θ ≈ 0 • .Because the number of two-photon coincidences goes as the fourth power of the ratio between the detector size and the distance from the astrophysical object, coincidences are scarce; for its detection we required receivers with a size much larger than those currently available.
A metastable state m subjected to a couple of pulses transits to an excited level α of an atom with probabilities p1 and p2, respectively. One photon is emitted in the transition from the level α to a lower atomic level η. A second photon is emitted in the transition from the level η to a lowest atomic level β. The first photon must be emitted before than the second one so they are both time ordered (time-bin) and entangled. It is calculated that the concurrence of the two produced time-bin photons as a function of p1, p2 and the branching ratios of the two transitions α→η and (η→β). It is found that the two produced photons are maximally entangled if the branching ratios are greater than 80%. It is also found that certain values of p1, p2 and the branching ratios preclude entanglement between the two produced photons. Intervals of values for p1 and p2 where the concurrence is large enough and then two-qubit quantum information processing protocols can be optimally implemented are found.
Stimulated emission is shown to be robust in stars. Through Bose enhancement this produces quantum states of aligned, monochromatic photons similar to a laser. The probability of creating such states is computed. We show that from the solar corona such quantum states would propagate outside of the solar region and through the Solar System without decoherence. For a 1m21 {\rm m}^21m2 detector at the distance of the Earth from the Sun we estimate rates of such quantum states in the few per second thus potentially detectable. The same process should lead to such quantum states also arriving from stars at interstellar distances.
Entanglement is one of the most peculiar features consequent upon quantum mechanics. It is at-tributed essentially to the nonlocal nature of quantum correlation between two or more particles. The strangeness of entanglement has been demonstrated by a number of paradoxes from the dawn of quantum mechanics: one example is that proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen [1], and its variety is famous Schrödinger’s cat. However, recent quantum technologies have reached an unprecedented stage at which we can directly manipulate and utilize the entanglement to go beyond the limit of clas-sical technologies. In fact, recent progress of quantum information and communication technologies relies on the use of entanglement [2]. As well, entanglement is applicable to ultra-high precise meas-urements, one prominent example of which is the quantum optical imaging and interferometry with ultra-high resolution that surpasses the classical diffraction limit [3]. In addition to exploring such novel applications, the methodology of generating entanglement is also indispensable to practical quantum technologies. In my talk, I will review the recent progress of such quantum technologies utilizing entanglement as well as its generation. In particular, I will focus on the recent experiments [4-7] of quantum optical interferometry with entangled photons that exhibit reduced de Broglie wave-length of photons [8]. I also mention the generation of entangled photons in a semiconductor that we
Stimulated emission is shown to be robust in stars. Through Bose enhancement this produces quantum states of aligned, monochromatic photons somewhat similar to a laser. The probability of creating such states is computed. We show that from the solar corona such quantum states would propagate outside of the solar region and through the Solar System without decoherence. For a $1\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ test detector at the distance of the Earth from the Sun, we estimate rates of such quantum states in the few per second thus potentially detectable. The same process should lead to such quantum states also arriving from stars at interstellar distances.