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Evaluation of Absorption and Emission Cross Sections of Er-Doped LiNb03 for Application to Integrated

Chi‐Hung Huang, L. McCaughan

Published Jan 1, 1994• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The polarization-dependent absorption and emission spectra of the 4113/2-4115/2 transition (A - 1.5 pm) in single crystal bulk Er:LiNbOs have been measured. Low-temperature (10 K) measurements of the Stark split energy levels of these two manifolds indicate at least two Er3+ sites. McCumber theory is applied to determine the Er:LiNb03 absorption and emission cross sections. These values are used to calculate the gain charac- teristics of Er:LiNbOs channel waveguides. Calculations indicate that a gain of 10 dB is achievable in a waveguide of several centimeters using -20-mW pump power.

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The polarization-dependent absorption and emission spectra of the 4113/2-4115/2 transition (A - 1.5 pm) in single crystal bulk Er:LiNbOs have been measured. Low-temperature (10 K) measurements of the Stark split energy levels of these two manifolds indicate at least two Er3+ sites. McCumber theory is applied to determine the Er:LiNb03 absorption and emission cross sections. These values are used to calculate the gain charac- teristics of Er:LiNbOs channel waveguides. Calculations indicate that a gain of 10 dB is achievable in a waveguide of several centimeters using -20-mW pump power.
Based on the transmission spectra of Er3+-doped LiNbO3 optical waveguides in this paper we report some experimental and theoretical results concerning the evaluation of some spectroscopic parameters which characterize the above mentioned waveguides. The absorption experimental spectra were used to determine the homogeneous absorption and emission cross sections (utilising the density matrix formalism and the McCumber's theory and taking into account the Stark splitting of the levels), the oscillator strength of the absorption transition, the spontaneous emission probabilities, the radiative lifetime and the excitation energy in three regions of the optical spectrum: around 1550 nm, 980 nm and 550 nm, respectively. Also, we measured the rising and falling times and we calculated the homogeneous upconversion factor corresponding to the transition 4I15/2->4F7/2.
An application to transitions involving thermalized states of a procedure based on the McCumber theory to determine emission and absorption cross sections in waveguides from transversal fluorescence spectra is presented. The procedure is tested in Er-doped Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides to provide accurate cross-section values for the recently attractive 550-nm band. We also study the excited-state absorption transition around 860 nm and present, to our knowledge, the first published cross-section values for this transition.
Based on the transmission experimental spectra of Er3+ -doped Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides in this paper we report some experimental and theoretical results concerning the evaluation of the the radiative lifetime and the real and imaginary parts of the complex atomic susceptibility of the above mentioned waveguides in the visible and near infrared spectral range. The homogeneous absorption and emission cross sections were determined from the the corresponding experimental transmission spectra around 1550 nm, 980 nm and 550 nm using the density matrix formalism and the McCumber's theory and taking into account the Stark splitting of the levels.
In the small gain approximation and the unsaturated regime in this paper we report some original results concerning the evaluation of the Fano factor, statistical fluctuation and spontaneous emission factor which characterize the photon statistics on the number of excited modes, dopant concentration and power pumping in the single and double pass Er3+ - doped LiNbO, straight waveguide amplifiers pumped near 1484 nm using erfc, Gaussian and constant profile of the Er3+ ions in LiNbO, crystal. We demonstrated that for 50 mW input pump power the Poisson photon statistics are maintained in the above mentioned amplifiers for concentrations of the Er ions smaller than l026 m-3 and also high gains and low noise figures are achievable. The obtained results can be used for the design of optoelectronic integrated circuits.
We have applied the theory of McCumber to the (4)4I(13/2) ? (4)I(15/2) transition of Er(3+) -doped glasses and confirmed its ability to provide both spectra and accurate values of cross sections. For an Al/P-silica fiber, the exact McCumber treatment is within 3% of the measured emission cross section, whereas an Einstein analysis is off by >50%. An approximate treatment that eliminates the McCumber theory's requirement of detailed electronic structure has been developed and found to usually provide more accurate values than an Einstein analysis.