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The Quantum World

Michel Le Bellac

Published Nov 11, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

An Inconvenient Principle Secure Communications Einstein, Bohr, and Bell Atoms, Light, and Lasers Cold Atoms The Kingdom of Semiconductors Relativistic Quantum Physics Towards a Quantum Computer The Environment is Watching Interpretations.

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The quantum realm is often portrayed as weird and nebulous, far removed from our everyday world. Subatomic particles can be in many places at once or linked across vast distances by the intimate connection known as entanglement. But researchers are now using this quantum fuzziness to forge a new set of practical tools. In this entanglement-assisted magnetometer, lenses, and other optical devices steer a laser beam to the small glass cell filled with cesium vapor, and a photodetector above records the effect of magnetic fields on light emitted by the cesium atoms. Image credit: Ola J. Joensen (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark). Although quantum computers gain the most headlines, a quieter revolution in the world of sensors may be just as profound. Quantum states, such as the spin of an electron, have a peculiar delicacy that is being exploited to detect tiny variations in gravity and magnetism, opening up a range of applications that could give us a clearer view of the world beneath our feet and provide deep insights into our own biology. This has become possible thanks to continuing advances in components such as lasers and cooling systems that allow researchers and engineers to manipulate the quantum states of atoms and measure how they are affected by their environment. “We are at this sweet spot where we have quantum systems under sufficient control,” says Kai Bongs, who leads the Quantum Sensors and Metrology Hub (1), a collaboration between academics and industry centered at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. Some of the large vacuum systems and magnetic traps now used to hold cold atoms are being replaced with chip-scale devices, while researchers are developing compact, low-power lasers that could make quantum sensors much more accessible. “The early devices are still clumsy, but now we can start …

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Niels Bohr, physics and the world : proceedings of the Niels Bohr Centennial Symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA., November 12-14, 1985, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Herman Feshbach, 哲男 松井, Alexandra Oleson

Overview, Victor Weisskopf Niels Bohr and the development of physics, A.Pais on the origins of the Copenhagen interpretation, Arthur I.Miller Niels Bohr and atomic physics today, Daniel Kleppner condensed matter physics - does quantum mechanics matter?, Michael E.Fisher nuclear physics - comments and reflections, Herman Feshbach the new ether, J.D.Bjorken recent developments in cosmology, George Field black holes and the foundations of quantum mechanics, Gerard't Hooft do black holes emit black body radiation?, T.D.Lee quarternionic quantum field theory, Stephen L.Adler light and life - Niels Bohr's legacy to contemporary biology, Gunther S.Stent Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality, J.S.Bell fifty years later - when gedanken experiments become real experiments, Alain Aspect Philippe Grangier physical and philosophical issues in the Bohr-Einstein debate, Abner Shimony the Soviet reaction to Bohr's quantum mechanics, Loren R.Graham Niels Bohr and the first principles of arms control, Martin J.Sherwin American attitudes on security - comments, John Steinbruner science, technology and the arms race - European perspectives, Edoardo Amaldi.

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Relativity, signal locality and the uncertainty principle (or How Bohr could have replied to Einstein if he knew about Bell)

Eric G. Cavalcanti

In the early stages of the famous debates between Einstein and Bohr on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Einstein attempted to devise thought experiments aiming at showing that arbitrarily accurate predictions of incompatible physical quantities was possible, in violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Bohr was able to defend quantum mechanics from those attacks by showing that a careful application of the uncertainty principle to the experimental apparata as well as the measured system lead to consistent results. Could Bohr have given an independent argument for the irreducible unpredictability implied by the uncertainty principle? The celebrated 1964 theorem of John Bell shows that no model that reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics can simultaneously satisfy the ontological concepts of locality and determinism. However, nothing can be concluded from Bell's theorem alone about locality by itself or determinism by itself--it is possible to reproduce quantum-mechanical predictions with deterministic models which violate locality as well as indeterministic models which satisfy locality. On the other hand, there's almost universal agreement that the epistemic form of locality--signal locality, or the impossibility of faster-than-light communication--must hold in a relativistic universe. By making a similar distinction between determinism and the epistemic concept of predictability, I show that signal locality plus the bare observed phenomena of Bell inequality violations lead to the remarkable conclusion that Nature is fundamentally unpredictable. This result grounds the quantum-mechanical prohibition of arbitrarily accurate predictions on the principle of relativity, regardless of any postulates of quantum mechanics.

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The quantum realm is often portrayed as weird and nebulous, far removed from our everyday world. Subatomic particles can be in many places at once or linked across vast distances by the intimate connection known as entanglement. But researchers are now using this quantum fuzziness to forge a new set of practical tools. In this entanglement-assisted magnetometer, lenses, and other optical devices steer a laser beam to the small glass cell filled with cesium vapor, and a photodetector above records the effect of magnetic fields on light emitted by the cesium atoms. Image credit: Ola J. Joensen (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark). Although quantum computers gain the most headlines, a quieter revolution in the world of sensors may be just as profound. Quantum states, such as the spin of an electron, have a peculiar delicacy that is being exploited to detect tiny variations in gravity and magnetism, opening up a range of applications that could give us a clearer view of the world beneath our feet and provide deep insights into our own biology. This has become possible thanks to continuing advances in components such as lasers and cooling systems that allow researchers and engineers to manipulate the quantum states of atoms and measure how they are affected by their environment. “We are at this sweet spot where we have quantum systems under sufficient control,” says Kai Bongs, who leads the Quantum Sensors and Metrology Hub (1), a collaboration between academics and industry centered at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. Some of the large vacuum systems and magnetic traps now used to hold cold atoms are being replaced with chip-scale devices, while researchers are developing compact, low-power lasers that could make quantum sensors much more accessible. “The early devices are still clumsy, but now we can start …
Overview, Victor Weisskopf Niels Bohr and the development of physics, A.Pais on the origins of the Copenhagen interpretation, Arthur I.Miller Niels Bohr and atomic physics today, Daniel Kleppner condensed matter physics - does quantum mechanics matter?, Michael E.Fisher nuclear physics - comments and reflections, Herman Feshbach the new ether, J.D.Bjorken recent developments in cosmology, George Field black holes and the foundations of quantum mechanics, Gerard't Hooft do black holes emit black body radiation?, T.D.Lee quarternionic quantum field theory, Stephen L.Adler light and life - Niels Bohr's legacy to contemporary biology, Gunther S.Stent Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality, J.S.Bell fifty years later - when gedanken experiments become real experiments, Alain Aspect Philippe Grangier physical and philosophical issues in the Bohr-Einstein debate, Abner Shimony the Soviet reaction to Bohr's quantum mechanics, Loren R.Graham Niels Bohr and the first principles of arms control, Martin J.Sherwin American attitudes on security - comments, John Steinbruner science, technology and the arms race - European perspectives, Edoardo Amaldi.
In the early stages of the famous debates between Einstein and Bohr on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Einstein attempted to devise thought experiments aiming at showing that arbitrarily accurate predictions of incompatible physical quantities was possible, in violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Bohr was able to defend quantum mechanics from those attacks by showing that a careful application of the uncertainty principle to the experimental apparata as well as the measured system lead to consistent results. Could Bohr have given an independent argument for the irreducible unpredictability implied by the uncertainty principle? The celebrated 1964 theorem of John Bell shows that no model that reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics can simultaneously satisfy the ontological concepts of locality and determinism. However, nothing can be concluded from Bell's theorem alone about locality by itself or determinism by itself--it is possible to reproduce quantum-mechanical predictions with deterministic models which violate locality as well as indeterministic models which satisfy locality. On the other hand, there's almost universal agreement that the epistemic form of locality--signal locality, or the impossibility of faster-than-light communication--must hold in a relativistic universe. By making a similar distinction between determinism and the epistemic concept of predictability, I show that signal locality plus the bare observed phenomena of Bell inequality violations lead to the remarkable conclusion that Nature is fundamentally unpredictable. This result grounds the quantum-mechanical prohibition of arbitrarily accurate predictions on the principle of relativity, regardless of any postulates of quantum mechanics.