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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Classical noise and flux: The limits of multi-state atom lasers

J. D. Close, Nicholas P. Robins, Craig M. Savage, J. J. Hope, Jessica Lye, Cameron S. Fletcher, Simon A. Haine

Published Jan 1, 2004• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

By comparison between experiment and theory, we show how the classical noise on a multi-state atom laser beam increases with increasing flux. Such considerations will be important in future precision measurement techniques utilising atom lasers.
DOI
10.1364/iqec.2004.ima4

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By direct comparison between experiment and theory with no adjustable parameters, we show how the classical fluctuations on a multistate atom laser beam increase with increasing flux. The fluctuations are inherent to state changing out coupling, rf, Raman, or otherwise and are likely to be present in all atom lasers, pulsed or continuous, that employ such out coupling. If not removed or avoided, these classical fluctuations will prevent shot noise limited measurement employing atom lasers of this kind.
For many years the "shot-noise limit" has been considered as the fundamental limitation on measurements made with light beams. Shot noise is due to the quantum nature of light: the number of photons detected in a given time from a "stable" light beam (for instance, a laser beam) is an intrinsically random number which has fluctuations of order N1/2 if the average result is N. So if the number of photons, N, is limited by time or power considerations, shot noise places a fundamental limitation on the precision to which intensity, and changes in intensity, can be measured. This is particularly critical for "one-shot" ultra-sensitive experiments, such as the detection of a gravitational burst using large-scale interferometers.
If atom lasers are to transform many fields of physics, as well as find applications in industry, the most essential development needed is increased atom flux. In this thesis we report on the experimental observation of fundamental limits on the flux of continuous atom lasers. The flux produced by the commonly used radio frequency outcoupler, can not be arbitrarily increased by increasing the strength of the outcoupling. Above a critical Rabi frequency, the atom laser shows large classical density fluctuations, due to coupling between the multiple Zeeman states. In our system this critical Rabi frequency is about 1 kHz. Futhermore, at large coupling strengths (> 4 kHz for our experimetnal parameters), the continuous atom laser output completely switches off, as a result of the atoms remaining trapped in a bound state. In addition to the investigations of the radio frequency outcoupler, we have demonstrated the first continuous Raman outcoupled atom laser. Preliminary data indicates that the Raman outcoupler will be flux limited in a similar way to the radio frequency outcoupler.
An ideal atom laser would produce an atomic beam with highly stable flux and energy. In practice, the stability is likely to be limited by technical noise and nonlinear dynamical effects. We investigate the dynamics of an atom laser using a comprehensive one-dimensional, mean-field numerical model. We fully model the output beam and experimentally important physics such as three-body recombination. We find that at high-pump rates, the latter plays a role in suppressing the high-frequency dynamics, which would otherwise limit the stability of the output beam.