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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

High flux atom lasers, interferometry, and the shot noise limit

Nicholas P. Robins, J. J. Hope, Simon A. Haine, C. Figl, Julien Dugué, Matthew Jeppesen, Mattias Johnsson, J. D. Close

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we present experimental results on flux, fluctuations and noise on an atom laser beam and discuss the implications of these measurements to high precision interferometry with atoms.
DOI
10.1109/cleo.2006.4629017

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For many years the "shot-noise limit" has been considered as the fundamental limitation on measurements made with light beams. Shot noise is due to the quantum nature of light: the number of photons detected in a given time from a "stable" light beam (for instance, a laser beam) is an intrinsically random number which has fluctuations of order N1/2 if the average result is N. So if the number of photons, N, is limited by time or power considerations, shot noise places a fundamental limitation on the precision to which intensity, and changes in intensity, can be measured. This is particularly critical for "one-shot" ultra-sensitive experiments, such as the detection of a gravitational burst using large-scale interferometers.
We review experimental progress on atom lasers out-coupled from Bose-Einstein condensates, and consider the prop-erties of such beams in the context of precision inertial sensing. The atom laser is the matter-wave analog of the optical laser. Both devices rely on Bose-enhanced scattering to produce a macroscopically populated trapped mode that is output-coupled to produce an intense beam. In both cases, the beams often display highly desirable properties such as low divergence, high spectral flux and a simple spatial mode that make them useful in practical applications, as well as the potential to perform measurements at or below the quantum projection noise limit. Both devices display similar second-order correlations that differ from thermal sources. Because of these properties, atom lasers are a promising source for application to precision inertial measurements.
An ideal atom laser would produce an atomic beam with highly stable flux and energy. In practice, the stability is likely to be limited by technical noise and nonlinear dynamical effects. We investigate the dynamics of an atom laser using a comprehensive one-dimensional, mean-field numerical model. We fully model the output beam and experimentally important physics such as three-body recombination. We find that at high-pump rates, the latter plays a role in suppressing the high-frequency dynamics, which would otherwise limit the stability of the output beam.
As an important technique for developing high-precision gyroscopes, atom interferometry with continuous atomic beams has exhibited advantages of high short-term sensitivity and dynamic response relative to that with periodically launched atom clouds. This article reanalyzes the characteristics of an atomic beam interferometric gyroscope from perspectives including the continuous operation mode and the modified sensitivity dependence on laser and atomic sources. Specific requirements on certain experimental parameters are explored including the Raman beam diameter, detection beam diameter, atomic flux, laser power, laser phase noise, atomic longitudinal and transverse velocity distributions. The parameter determining strategy is discussed to achieve target sensitivity with controlled conditions such as system volume and operating bandwidth. The results would provide strong support on analytical method and data reference for further improvement of atomic beam interferometric gyroscopes.