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Detailed Characterization of Quasi-Optically Coupled Nb Hot Electron Bolometer Mixers in the 0.6-3 THz Range

W. F. M. Ganzevles, Pavel A. Yagoubov, W. J. Vreeling, J. R. Gao, Piet A. J. de Korte, T. M. Klapwijk

Published Mar 1, 2002• 0 citations
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Abstract

Two type of Nb diffusion-cooled HEB mixers have been studied. One uses a twin-slot antenna designed for 700 GHz, and has a bridge length of 200 nm. This device is fabricated using an in situ-process for the interface between the bridge and the cooling pads. An uncorrected receiver noise temperature of 1200 K at 640 GHz and an IF bandwidth of 5 GHz have been measured. The second device uses a log-periodic antenna designed for a wide RF bandwidth. However, there is a misalignment of the Nb bridge with respect to the Au cooling pads. Receiver noise temperatures at 0.64, 1.9, and 2.5 THz have been measured. We are able to link the geometry feature to the measured properties.

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•May 1, 2000•4 citations
Two type of Nb diffusion-cooled HEB mixers have been studied. One uses a twin-slot antenna designed for 700 GHz, and has a bridge length of 200 nm. This device is fabricated using an in situ-process for the interface between the bridge and the cooling pads. An uncorrected receiver noise temperature of 1200 K at 640 GHz and an IF bandwidth of 5 GHz have been measured. The second device uses a log-periodic antenna designed for a wide RF bandwidth. However, there is a misalignment of the Nb bridge with respect to the Au cooling pads. Receiver noise temperatures at 0.64, 1.9, and 2.5 THz have been measured. We are able to link the geometry feature to the measured properties.
Diffusion-cooled Nb hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have the potential to simultaneously achieve high intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidths and low mixer noise temperatures for operation at THz frequencies (above the superconductive gap energy). We have measured the IF signal bandwidth at 630 GHz of Nb devices with lengths L = 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 micrometer in a quasioptical mixer configuration employing twin-slot antennas. The 3-dB EF bandwidth increased from 1.2 GHz for the 0.3 gm long device to 9.2 GHz for the 0.1 gm long device. These results demonstrate the expected 1/L squared dependence of the IF bandwidth at submillimeter wave frequencies for the first time, as well as the largest EF bandwidth obtained to date. For the 0.1 gm device, which had the largest bandwidth, the double sideband (DSB) noise temperature of the receiver was 320-470 K at 630 GHz with an absorbed LO power of 35 nW, estimated using the isothermal method. A version of this mixer with the antenna length scaled for operation at 2.5 THz has also been tested. A DSB receiver noise temperature of 1800 plus or minus 100 K was achieved, which is about 1,000 K lower than our previously reported results. These results demonstrate that large EF bandwidth and low-noise operation of a diffusion-cooled HEB mixer is possible at THz frequencies with the same device geometry.
The noise performance of a Nb hot-electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 THz has been investigated. The devices are fabricated from a 12-nm-thick Nb film, and have a 0.30 μm×0.15 μm in-plane size, thus exploiting diffusion as the electron cooling mechanism. The rf coupling was provided by a twin-slot planar antenna on an elliptical Si lens. The experimentally measured double sideband noise temperature of the receiver was as low as 2750±250 K with an estimated mixer noise temperature of ≈900 K. The mixer bandwidth derived from both noise bandwidth and IF impedance measurements was ≈1.4 GHz. These results demonstrate the low-noise operation of the diffusion-cooled bolometer mixer above 2 THz.
We have fabricated Nb diffusion-cooled hot electron bolometers for a waveguide mixer around 700 GHz. The device in this work is a thin (12 nm) Nb bridge with a length and width of 220 nm and is defined by a two-step electron beam lithography process. The resistance as a function of temperature shows two transitions, which we attribute to the Nb bridge (6.1 K) and to parts of the Nb which are covered by the Au pads (5.4 K). We have measured a DSB receiver noise temperature of 2200 K at 735 GHz and a bath temperature of 3.3 K. No significant increase of the noise temperature is observed at IF frequencies between 1.1 and 1.7 GHz. The coupled LO power is estimated to be 35 nW.
We report on the development of quasioptical Nb hot-electron bolometer mixers for heterodyne receivers operating at 1 THz 3 THz. The devices have submicron in-plane sizes, thus exploiting diffusion as the electron cooling mechanism. Quasioptical mixer circuits have been developed with planar double-dipole or twin-slot antennas. The measured (DSB) receiver noise temperatures are 1670 K at 1.1 THz, with an estimated mixer noise temperature of approximately equals 1060 K, and 2750 K at 2.5 THz, with an estimated mixer noise temperature of approximately equals 900 K. The IF bandwidth is found to scale as the length-squared, and bandwidths as high as 8 GHz have been measured. These results demonstrate the low-noise, broadband operation of the diffusion-cooled bolometer mixer over a wide range of far-infrared wavelengths.
We summarize our research activities on THz Nb diffusion-cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, carried out at Space Research Organization Netherlands (SRON) and Delft University of Technology. This paper will include our understanding on the device physics of diffusion-cooled HEB mixers, noise and IF bandwidth measurements of waveguide mixers around 0.7 THz, and in particular recent measurements of Nb quasi-optical mixers at 0.64 and 2.5 THz. The waveguide devices demonstrate a receiver noise temperature of 900 K at 0.7 THz. The quasi-optical mixers show 1200 K at 0.64 THz and 4500 K at 2.5 THz and a maximum IF bandwidth of at least 5 GHz.
We measure the direct response of a Nb di usion-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer in a frequency range between 0.5 THz and 3.5 THz. The mixer consists essentially of a twin slot antenna, a co-planar waveguide transmission line and a Nb superconducting bridge. It is designed for use in receivers with astronomical and atmospherical applications around 2.5 THz. We calculate the impedance of the antenna, the transmission line and the bridge separately using models which are developed for frequencies below 1 THz and predict the direct response of the mixer. We demonstrate that these models can be applied to much higher frequencies. However, the measured central frequency is 10-15% lower than predicted. Using a far infrared (FIR) laser, the device can be fully pumped at 2.5 THz. A preliminary Y-factor measurement shows a corrected noise temperature of