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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Plug & Play Quantum Key Distribution Using Modulation Sidebands for Shifting Frequency

Toshimori Honjo, Kyo Inoue

Published Sep 1, 2005• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A Plug & Play quantum key distribution (QKD) system operating at a high pulse repetition frequency is presented. To avoid Rayleigh backscattering, modulation sidebands are used as frequency-shifted light. As the pulse repetition frequency increases, the quantum bit-error rate (QBER) in our proposed setup remains constant, while it increases in a conventional setup, which indicates that Plug & Play QKD at a high repetition frequency is possible with our scheme.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.44.6550

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A Plug & Play quantum key distribution (QKD) system operating at a high pulse repetition frequency is presented. To avoid Rayleigh backscattering, modulation sidebands are used as frequency-shifted light. As the pulse repetition frequency increases, the quantum bit-error rate (QBER) in our proposed setup remains constant, while it increases in a conventional setup, which indicates that Plug & Play QKD at a high repetition frequency is possible with our scheme.
Many imperfections in a practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system have been exploited by an eavesdropper (Eve) to attack the system. However, most of these attacks will introduce perturbations to the system while collecting information about the key. For example, the phase-remapping attack [Phys. Rev. A2007,75, 032314], in which Eve performs time shift on the signal pulse from the constant acting range of the phase modulation voltage to its rising edge to introduce an imperfection, results in an quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 14.6%, which is too high and will be discovered by careful users. In this paper, a frequency shift (FS) attack on ‘plug-and-play’ QKD systems with phase-coding BB84 protocol is proposed, in which Eve introduces an imperfection by the same method as she used in the phase-remapping attack. The most novel advantage of our FS attack is that Eve can get full information without introducing detectable QBER, which is more deceptive than the phase-remapping attack.
We report a plug-and-play continuous variable quantum key distribution system (CV-QKD) with Gaussian modulated quadratures and a true local oscillator. The proposed configuration avoids the need for frequency locking two narrow line-width lasers. To minimize Rayleigh back-scattering, we utilize two independent fiber strands for the distribution of the laser and the transmission of the quantum signals. We further demonstrate the quantum-classical co-existing capability of our system by injecting high-power classical light in both fibers. A secret key rate up to 0.88 Mb/s is obtained by using two fiber links of 13 km and up to 0.3 Mb/s when adding 4 mW of classical light in the optical fiber used for transmitting the quantum signal. The reported performance indicates that the proposed QKD scheme has the potential to become an effective low-cost solution for metropolitan optical networks.
We report a quantum key distribution using subcarrier wave encoding in Plug&Play configuration. Our detailed study shows how subcarrier encoding operates in a presence of Rayleigh back-scattering, chromatic dispersion and other experimental negative factors that occur in Plug&Play configuration. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel regime for the subcarrier wave encoding, where simultaneous detection of two logical states in a single basis is combined with robustness and simplicity of the original protocol. This deep modulation regime shows reliable quantum communication with losses up to 20 dB and promises a twice increase in secret key generation rate in comparison with the original subcarrier wave quantum key distribution in one-way or Plug&Play configurations.
In most quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, a decoy-state protocol is implemented for preventing potential quantum attacks and higher mean photon rates. An optical intensity modulator attenuating the signal intensity is used to implement it in a QKD system adopting a one-way architecture. However, in the case of the plug-and-play (or two-way) architecture, there are technical issues, including random polarization of the input signal pulse and long-term stability. In this study, we propose a method for generating decoy pulses through amplification using an optical amplifier. The proposed scheme operates regardless of the input signal polarization. In addition, a circulator was added to adjust the signal intensity when the signal enters the input and exits the QKD transmitter by monitoring the intensity of the output signal pulse. It also helps to defend against Trojan horse attacks. A test setup for the proof-of-principle experiment was implemented and tested, and it was shown that the system operated stably with a quantum bit error rate (QBER) value of less than 5% over 26 h using a quantum channel (QC) of 25 km.