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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Millimeter Wave Engineering of Distributed Josephson Junction Arrays

Juha Hassel, Leif Grönberg, P. Helistö, Heikki Seppä, J. Nissilä, Antti J. Manninen

Published Jun 1, 2007• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Josephson arrays are suitable for applications involving mm waves. Realizations of such systems typically involve structures that are large compared to the wavelength. Though many such systems are well established, there has been a shortage of generic modeling techniques, which would be simple enough for practical engineering, while quantitative. In this paper we apply the model we have recently developed to some device examples. We calculate the available output power of an array of unshunted SIS junctions. We also discuss the impact of power generation effects in Josephson voltage standards. We also extend the model to include partial synchronization. The analytic results are compared to simulated and experimental data.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2007.898271

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Josephson arrays are suitable for applications involving mm waves. Realizations of such systems typically involve structures that are large compared to the wavelength. Though many such systems are well established, there has been a shortage of generic modeling techniques, which would be simple enough for practical engineering, while quantitative. In this paper we apply the model we have recently developed to some device examples. We calculate the available output power of an array of unshunted SIS junctions. We also discuss the impact of power generation effects in Josephson voltage standards. We also extend the model to include partial synchronization. The analytic results are compared to simulated and experimental data.
Mutual phase locking has been demonstrated in series arrays of two and four Josephson junctions at millimeter-wave frequencies. Experimental observations are in good agreement with theory reported earlier. This technique increases the output power available from a Josephson junction source. Available output power is expected to be proportional to the square of the number of junctions until the array impedance approaches the load impedance. The output frequency is voltage tunable over as much as an octave. Theory indicates that the technique can be extended to even larger arrays.
This paper reviews the present status and future perspectives of discrete Josephson junction arrays for applications as sub-mm wavelength radiation sources. It is intended to cover the whole field, i.e. theory, fabrication and experimental results. The theoretical part reviews the fundamental aspects of Josephson junctions for oscillator applications and introduces the different possible array types. The recent results of analytical as well as numerical investigations are discussed. After the description of the fabrication of both low- as well as high- superconductor Josephson junctions and arrays, methods to investigate the array dynamics experimentally are mentioned. Finally, the recent experimental results are reviewed. This topic is divided into two parts, the first dealing with low- arrays, the second with high- arrays. The different possibilities to design arrays and to include them in practical applications are discussed and compared, with special emphasis on those experiments where radiation was generated successfully. The article is completed with a discussion of the most important experimental results.
We report the circuit simulations and experiments of millimeter-wave radiation from a high temperature superconducting (HTS) bicrystal Josephson junction (BJJ) array. To study the effects of junction characteristic parameters on radiation properties, new radiation circuit models are proposed in this paper. The series resistively and capacitively shunted junction (RCSJ) models are packaged into a Josephson junction array (JJA) model in the simulation. The current-voltage characteristics (IVCs) curve and radiation peaks are simulated and analyzed by circuit models, which are also observed from the experiment at liquid nitrogen temperature. The experimental radiation linewidth and power are in good agreement with simulated results. The presented circuit models clearly demonstrate that the inconsistency of the JJA will cause a broad linewidth and a low detected power. The junction radiation properties are also investigated at the optimal situation by circuit simulation. The results further confirm that the consistent JJA characteristic parameters can successfully narrow the radiation linewidth and increase the power of junction radiation.
For the first time, lumped series arrays of Josephson junctions have been fabricated with a transmission line-matched 50-Omega resistance. These arrays also have the thousands of junctions necessary to produce a metrologically significant voltage. This approach is expected to increase the output voltage per array and to optimize their performance for Josephson voltage standards. Traditional Josephson arrays for voltage standards have used distributed microwave structures, where array lengths are several multiples of the driving wavelength. The lumped arrays in this work have physical lengths shorter than a quarter of the microwave drive wavelength and total normal-state resistances nearly equal to the transmission line impedance. Fabrication of these arrays was made possible by use of a newly developed Nb-(MoSi2-Nb)nstacked junction technology. We present measurements of the microwave response of lumped arrays with total normal resistances up to 54 Omega and with various termination resistances. A simple numerical model is presented that accounts for the spatial distribution of the microwave current and for the nonuniformity of the junction critical currents. The resulting simulations agree well with experimental results
We explored high-temperature superconductor Josephson junction arrays embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Perot resonator. We compared the characteristics of three designs of arrays to achieve steps at higher voltage with a better coupling to the millimeter wave irradiation power. With an optimal design, we achieved a maximum Josephson voltage of about 0.1V for an array of 620 bicrystal junctions at a temperature of 79.2K and a frequency of 77.465 GHz. Also steps from 0.01 V up to 0.1 V were observed. Our results showed that such circuits are challenging for applications in quantum voltage metrology. It is important to note that our quasioptical coupling method can be extended up to terahertz frequencies.