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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Optimization of the coupling of mm wave power to arrays of high-TcJosephson junctions

Alexander M. Klushin, M He, M. Levitchev, Vladislav V. Kurin, N. Klein

Published Feb 1, 2008• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We explored high-temperature superconductor Josephson junction arrays embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Perot resonator. We compared the characteristics of three designs of arrays to achieve steps at higher voltage with a better coupling to the millimeter wave irradiation power. With an optimal design, we achieved a maximum Josephson voltage of about 0.1V for an array of 620 bicrystal junctions at a temperature of 79.2K and a frequency of 77.465 GHz. Also steps from 0.01 V up to 0.1 V were observed. Our results showed that such circuits are challenging for applications in quantum voltage metrology. It is important to note that our quasioptical coupling method can be extended up to terahertz frequencies.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/97/1/012268

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We explored high-temperature superconductor Josephson junction arrays embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Perot resonator. We compared the characteristics of three designs of arrays to achieve steps at higher voltage with a better coupling to the millimeter wave irradiation power. With an optimal design, we achieved a maximum Josephson voltage of about 0.1V for an array of 620 bicrystal junctions at a temperature of 79.2K and a frequency of 77.465 GHz. Also steps from 0.01 V up to 0.1 V were observed. Our results showed that such circuits are challenging for applications in quantum voltage metrology. It is important to note that our quasioptical coupling method can be extended up to terahertz frequencies.
We report on the investigation of the coupling mechanism of a resonant millimeter wave electromagnetic field with bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Perot resonator. We have found that our high-temperature superconductor array can be modeled as a thin film grid polarizer. In agreement with this model a strong dependence of the coupling of the Josephson junctions on the polarization of the electric field in the resonator was measured. Numerical field simulations confirm this model. According to this model, the dimension and interval of the grids and the dimension of the Josephson junctions are optimized by simulations and experiments. After optimized, a maximum Josephson voltage of 28 mV for an array of 182 bicrystal junctions at a temperature of 75 K and a frequency of 74.39 GHz was achieved for the first time. Our coupling method has a strong potential to be used up to terahertz frequencies.
The authors have explored the coupling mechanism of a millimeter wave radiation to bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Pérot resonator. The authors have found that their high-temperature superconductor array can be modeled as a thin film grid polarizer. In agreement with this model, a strong dependence of the coupling of the Josephson junctions on the polarization of the electric filed in the resonator was observed. The authors achieved a maximum Josephson voltage of 28mV for an array of 182 bicrystal junctions at a temperature of 75K and a frequency of 74.4GHz.
We have explored the coupling mechanism of a millimeter wave radiation to bicrystal Josephson junction arrays embedded in a Fabry–Perot resonator. In order to optimize the system, three-dimensional simulations and relative experiments were performed. By analyzing the results of computer simulations and experiments, we found that the layout of the array and the distance between the array and the plane mirror should minimize the effects on the electrical field E distribution in the fundamental mode of the Fabry–Perot resonator without the sample. In this case, the uniformity of the E field in the bicrystal arrays was demonstrated together with an improvement in the coupling efficiency of the mm wave irradiation to high-temperature superconductor arrays of Josephson junctions.
The application of high temperature superconductor Josephson junctions to voltage metrology is promising for many reasons, beyond the evident advantage of simplified cryogenics and reduced costs of the apparatus. Owing to their intrinsic non-hysteretic behavior, arrays of shunted bicrystal YBCO junctions are particularly interesting for the realization of an AC voltage standard with quantum accuracy. Moreover, shunted bicrystal YBCO junctions arrays are advantageous because of the reduced area of the junctions, the wide range of characteristic voltages, and large critical currents. However, some specific problems arise, like possible effects related to the higher operating temperature. Furthermore, fabrication technology sets tight constraints on the design of structures for the distribution of microwave currents along the array junctions. We investigated the step properties under millimeter wave irradiation at frequencies about 75 GHz of HTS junction and arrays prepared on bicrystal substrates having grain boundaries. High sensitivity techniques were adopted to evaluate the step flatness at nV level and assess the accuracy of the step voltage. A new method that makes use of an open resonator, was implemented to irradiate the array, providing synchronization of a large number of junctions.
The millimeter wave irradiation characteristics of a Tl-2212 high-temperature superconducting thin film bicrystal Josephson junction embedded in a hemispherical Fabry-Perot resonator was studied. The coupling characteristics of the bicrystal Josephson junction with the Fabry-Perot resonator have been investigated experimently, showing that it was greatly affected by the factors such as the location of the sample in the open resonator, the angle between them, the pattern of the junction and the distance between the two reflecting mirrors of the resonator. The optimized coupling between Josephson junction and applied microwave was achieved by refined adjustment of the factors. In this case, 9 orders distinct Shapiro steps were observed. Taking advantage of the Fabry-Perot resonator technique, the coupling problem between high-temperature superconducting thin film Josephson junction and applied millimeter wave was well solved, which is of significance for the research on radiation and detection of millimeter wave and terahertz wave of high-temperature superconducting Josephson junction.
Josephson junction arrays could be competitive candidates for radiation sources in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 THz. This is the range where compact solid-state continuous wave sources are most lacking. We investigated the millimeter-wave radiation from arrays of high-temperature superconductor bicrystal Josephson junctions embedded in a quasi-optical resonator. The novel approach of utilizing the intrinsic resonance modes of the substrate to improve the impedance coupling between the series array of discrete Josephson junctions and the quasi-optical resonator was investigated by experiments and electromagnetic field simulations. Radiation from the arrays containing up to 536 junctions was detected at about 80 GHz and liquid nitrogen temperature using a low-noise receiver. The detected maximum radiation power of the arrays was about 50 pW and the peak voltage agreed exactly with the Josephson current–voltage relation.